Title: Holographic Dark Energy Show Chinese title

Title: 全息暗能量

Abstract: We review the paradigm of holographic dark energy (HDE), which arises from a theoretical attempt of applying the holographic principle (HP) to the dark energy (DE) problem. Making use of the HP and the dimensional analysis, we derive the general formula of the energy density of HDE. Then, we describe the properties of HDE model, in which the future event horizon is chosen as the characteristic length scale. We also introduce the theoretical explorations and the observational constraints for this model. Next, in the framework of HDE, we discuss various topics, such as spatial curvature, neutrino, instability of perturbation, time-varying gravitational constant, inflation, black hole and big rip singularity. In addition, from both the theoretical and the observational aspects, we introduce the interacting holographic dark energy scenario, where the interaction between dark matter and HDE is taken into account. Furthermore, we discuss the HDE scenario in various modified gravity (MG) theories, such as Brans-Dicke theory, braneworld theory, scalar-tensor theory, Horava-Lifshitz theory, and so on. Besides, we introduce the attempts of reconstructing various scalar-field DE and MG models from HDE. Moreover, we introduce other DE models inspired by the HP, in which different characteristic length scales are chosen. Finally, we make comparisons among various HP-inspired DE models, by using cosmological observations and diagnostic tools. Show Chinese abstract

Abstract: 我们回顾全息暗能量（HDE）的范式，这是将全息原理（HP）应用于暗能量（DE）问题的一种理论尝试。 利用HP和量纲分析，我们推导出HDE能量密度的一般公式。 然后，我们描述HDE模型的特性，其中未来事件视界被选为特征长度尺度。 我们还介绍了该模型的理论探索和观测约束。 接下来，在HDE框架下，我们讨论了各种主题，如空间曲率、中微子、扰动不稳定性、随时间变化的引力常数、暴胀、黑洞和大撕裂奇点。 此外，从理论和观测两个方面，我们介绍了相互作用的全息暗能量情景，其中考虑了暗物质与HDE之间的相互作用。 此外，我们讨论了各种修改引力（MG）理论中的HDE情景，如Brans-Dicke理论、膜世界理论、标量-张量理论、Horava-Lifshitz理论等。 此外，我们介绍了从HDE重建各种标量场DE和MG模型的尝试。 此外，我们介绍了其他受HP启发的DE模型，其中选择了不同的特征长度尺度。 最后，我们通过宇宙学观测和诊断工具，对各种受HP启发的DE模型进行了比较。