Title: Tidal disruption rate suppression by the event horizon of spinning black holes Show Chinese title

Title: 自转黑洞视界对潮汐瓦解率的抑制作用

Abstract: The rate of observable tidal disruption events (TDEs) by the most massive black holes (BHs) is suppressed due to direct capture of stars by the event horizon. This suppression effect depends on the shape of the horizon and holds the promise of probing the spin distribution of dormant BHs at the centers of galaxies. By extending the frozen-in approximation commonly used in the Newtonian limit, we propose a general relativistic criterion for the tidal disruption of a star of given interior structure. The rate suppression factor is then calculated for different BH masses, spins, and realistic stellar populations. We find that either a high BH spin (> 0.5) or a young stellar population (< 1 Gyr) allows TDEs to be observed from BHs significantly more massive than 10^8 solar masses. We call this spin-age degeneracy (SAD). This limits our utility of the TDE rate to constrain the BH spin distribution, unless additional constraints on the age of the stellar population or the mass of the disrupted star can be obtained by modeling the TDE radiation or the stellar spectral energy distribution near the galactic nuclei. Show Chinese abstract

Abstract: 最 massive 黑洞（BHs）引起的可探测潮汐瓦解事件（TDEs）的速率被抑制，这是由于恒星直接被捕获到事件视界内造成的。 这种抑制效应依赖于视界形状，并有望探测星系中心休眠 BH 的自旋分布。 通过扩展通常在牛顿极限下使用的冻结近似法，我们提出了一个关于具有特定内部结构恒星潮汐瓦解的一般相对论判据。 然后计算了不同 BH 质量、自旋和现实恒星群体下的速率抑制因子。 我们发现，要么是高自旋（> 0.5），要么是年轻的恒星群体（< 1 Gyr），都可以允许从显著大于 10^8 太阳质量的 BH 中观测到 TDE。 我们将此称为自旋-年龄退化（SAD）。 这限制了我们利用 TDE 速率来约束 BH 自旋分布的能力，除非可以通过建模 TDE 辐射或星系核附近的恒星光谱能量分布来获得恒星群体年龄或瓦解恒星质量的额外约束条件。