Title: Load Shifting Versus Manual Frequency Reserve: Which One is More Appealing to Flexible Loads? Show Chinese title

Title: 负荷转移 versus 手动频率储备：哪种对灵活负荷更有吸引力？

Abstract: This paper investigates how a thermostatically controlled load can deliver flexibility either in form of manual frequency restoration reserves (mFRR) or load shifting, and which one is financially more appealing to such a load. A supermarket freezer is considered as a representative flexible load, and a grey-box model describing its temperature dynamics is developed using real data from a supermarket in Denmark. Taking into account price and activation uncertainties, a two-stage stochastic mixed-integer linear program is formulated to maximize the flexibility value from the freezer. For practical reasons, we propose a linear policy to determine regulating power bids, and then linearize the mFRR activation conditions through the McCormick relaxation approach. For computational ease, we develop a decomposition technique, splitting the problem to a set of smaller subproblems, one per scenario. Examined on an out-of-sample simulation based on real Danish spot and balancing market prices in 2022, load shifting shows to be more profitable than mFRR provision, but is also more consequential for temperature deviations in the freezer. Show Chinese abstract

Abstract: 本文研究了恒温控制负载如何以手动频率恢复储备（mFRR）的形式或负荷转移的形式提供灵活性，并探讨哪种方式对这种负载更具财务吸引力。 本文将超市冷冻室视为一种代表性灵活负载，并利用丹麦某超市的实际数据开发了一个描述其温度动态的灰箱模型。 考虑到价格和激活不确定性，构建了一个两阶段随机混合整数线性规划模型，以最大化冷冻室的灵活性价值。 出于实际考虑，我们提出了一种确定调节功率投标的线性策略，并通过McCormick松弛方法线性化mFRR激活条件。 为了便于计算，我们开发了一种分解技术，将问题拆分为一组较小的子问题，每个场景一个子问题。 通过对2022年基于丹麦实际现货和平衡市场价格的样本外模拟进行检验，结果显示负荷转移比提供mFRR更有利可图，但也会导致冷冻室内的温度偏差更加显著。