Title: An analytical framework to assess static versus dynamic triggering of fault-slip rockbursts Show Chinese title

Title: 一种分析框架，用于评估断层滑动型岩爆的静态与动态触发

Abstract: Fault-slip rockbursts, triggered by seismic rupture of nearby or remote faults, constitute a significant geohazard during deep underground excavations. Although these events occur frequently in underground projects, their underlying mechanisms are not yet fully understood. Most studies tacitly assume dynamic stress waves as the main triggering factor, often disregarding the role of coseismic static stress changes associated with fault slip. This paper introduces a novel analytical framework to diagnose both static and dynamic coseismic stress perturbations and quantify their contributions to fault-slip rockburst around a circular tunnel. Building on linear elastic fracture mechanics, seismic source theory, and the Kirsch solution, the model assesses whether coseismically elevated maximum tangential stress on the tunnel boundary under static and dynamic triggering effects is sufficient to induce failure around the tunnel. We extensively test our framework using synthetic case studies that represent typical fault-slip rockburst scenarios. Our results yield a rockburst hazard map that delineates regions of elevated triggering potential in the near-field and far-field of the seismogenic fault, and classify the triggering types as static, dynamic, or dual. We perform a comprehensive parametric sensitivity analysis to investigate how key factors, including seismic source characteristics, rock mass properties, and in-situ stress conditions, influence the spatial distribution of rockburst susceptibility. The model is further applied to a historical fault-slip rockburst event at the Gotthard Base Tunnel, effectively capturing the triggering mechanism of the observed failure. Our research provides a physically grounded and computationally efficient analytical framework with the results carrying significant implications for rockburst hazard assessments during deep underground excavations. Show Chinese abstract

Abstract: 由附近或远程断层的地震破裂引发的断层滑动岩爆，在深部地下开挖过程中构成了一种重要的地质灾害。尽管这些事件在地下工程中经常发生，但其潜在机制尚未完全了解。大多数研究默认动态应力波为主要触发因素，常常忽视与断层滑动相关的同震静态应力变化的作用。本文介绍了一个新的分析框架，用于诊断静态和动态同震应力扰动，并量化它们对圆形隧道周围断层滑动岩爆的贡献。基于线弹性断裂力学、地震源理论和Kirsch解，该模型评估了在静态和动态触发效应下，隧道边界上的最大切向应力是否足以在隧道周围引起破坏。我们通过代表典型断层滑动岩爆场景的合成案例研究广泛测试了我们的框架。我们的结果生成了一张岩爆危险图，界定了发震断层近场和远场中触发潜力增高的区域，并将触发类型分类为静态、动态或双重。我们进行了全面的参数敏感性分析，以研究关键因素，包括地震源特征、岩体性质和原位应力条件，如何影响岩爆敏感性的空间分布。该模型进一步应用于Gotthard Base Tunnel的历史断层滑动岩爆事件，有效地捕捉了观察到的破坏的触发机制。我们的研究提供了一个物理基础坚实且计算高效的分析框架，其结果对于深部地下开挖中的岩爆危险评估具有重要意义。