Instrumentation and Detectors

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Replacement submissions (showing 4 of 4 entries )

[1] arXiv:2501.08787 (replaced) [cn-pdf, pdf, html, other]

Title: Calibration-free Rydberg Atomic Receiver for Sub-MHz Wireless Communications and Sensing Show Chinese title

Title: 无校准的里德伯原子接收器用于亚兆赫无线通信和传感

Minze Chen, Tianqi Mao, Wei Xiao, Zhonghuai Wu, Dapeng Li, Mingyao Cui, Qunsong Zeng, Dezhi Zheng, Kaibin Huang, Zhaocheng Wang

Subjects: Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det) ; Atomic Physics (physics.atom-ph)

The exploitation of sub-MHz (\textless 1 MHz) can be beneficial for a plethora of applications like underwater vehicular communication, subsurface exploration, low-frequency navigation etc. The traditional electrical receivers in this band are either hundreds of meters long or, when miniaturized, inefficient and bandwidth-limited, making them inapplicable for practical underwater implementations. Such obstacles can be circumvented by the emerging Rydberg atomic receiving technology, which is capable of detecting fields from DC up to the terahertz regime with compact structure. Against this background, we propose a method to detect sub-MHz electric fields without further calibration. Specifically, a physics-based model of the combined DC and AC-Stark response is established. Based on the model, we modulate the DC-Stark spectrum with the received signal and extract its amplitude by fitting the cycle-averaged, symmetric Stark-split peaks. Then we map this swing directly to the intrinsic atomic polarizability. By such operations, the proposed method can remove the dependence on electrode spacing or field-amplitude references. For performance evaluation, six-level Lindblad simulations and experiments are conducted at a low-frequency field of 30 kHz demonstrate a minimum detectable field of 5.3 \text{mV}/\text{cm}, with stable readout across practical optical-power variations. The approach manages to expand operating range of Rydberg atomic receivers below 1 MHz, and enables compact, calibration-free quantum front ends for underwater and subsurface receivers. Show Chinese abstract

亚兆赫（\textless 1 MHz）的利用对于水下车辆通信、地下勘探、低频导航等多种应用可能有益。该频段的传统电信号接收器要么长达数百米，要么在微型化后效率低下且带宽受限，使其难以应用于实际的水下实现。通过新兴的里德伯原子接收技术可以克服这些障碍，该技术能够以紧凑的结构检测从直流到太赫兹范围的信号。在此背景下，我们提出了一种无需进一步校准即可检测亚兆赫电场的方法。具体而言，建立了一个结合直流和交流斯塔克响应的物理模型。基于该模型，我们用接收到的信号调制直流斯塔克谱，并通过拟合周期平均对称斯塔克分裂峰来提取其幅度。然后，我们将这种摆动直接映射到固有的原子极化率。通过这样的操作，所提出的方法可以消除对电极间距或场强参考的依赖。为了评估性能，在30千赫低频场下进行了六级林德布洛德模拟和实验，结果表明最小可检测场为5.3\text{毫伏}/\text{厘米}，并在实际光功率变化中表现出稳定的读数。该方法成功扩展了里德伯原子接收器在1兆赫以下的操作范围，并为水下和地下接收器提供了紧凑、无需校准的量子前端。

[2] arXiv:2507.18369 (replaced) [cn-pdf, pdf, html, other]

Title: Reducing suspension control noise with interferometric sensors -- an experimental concept Show Chinese title

Title: 用干涉传感器降低悬架控制噪声——一种实验性概念

Nils Leander Weickhardt, Artem Basalaev, Oliver Gerberding

Subjects: Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det)

One of the limiting noise sources of ground-based gravitational wave detectors at frequencies below 30 Hz is control-induced displacement noise. Compact laser interferometric sensors are a prime candidate for improved local displacement sensing. In this paper we present the design of an experiment that aims to demonstrate the advantages of interferometric sensors over shadow sensors. We focus on the compact balanced readout interferometer (COBRI) - a sensor currently in development that is based on deep frequency modulation. We mount COBRIs on two HAM Relay Triple Suspension (HRTS) systems that suspend two mirrors forming an optical cavity. By measuring the length stability of this cavity relative to a stable reference we aim to probe the direct motion reduction when using COBRIs for active damping and we aim to investigate their behavior and auxiliary functions, such as absolute ranging, in the context of the 6 degree-of-freedom controls of the suspensions. Here we describe the design of the experiment and simulations of the achievable noise levels that were obtained using mechanical models of the HRTS suspensions. We discuss all relevant noise sources, the modeled influence of the interferometric sensor damping and the current limitations and necessary improvements of our testing facility in terms of seismic pre-isolation to achieve a shadow sensor limited noise at around 5 Hz, where, according to our simulations, we can demonstrate superior performance for COBRIs in the longitudinal degree of freedom. Show Chinese abstract

地面引力波探测器在30赫兹以下频率的一个限制性噪声源是控制引起的位移噪声。紧凑型激光干涉传感器是改进局部位移传感的首选方案。在本文中，我们介绍了旨在展示干涉传感器相对于阴影传感器优势的实验设计。我们专注于紧凑型平衡读出干涉仪（COBRI）——一种目前正在开发的基于深度频率调制的传感器。我们将COBRI安装在两个HAM中继三重悬挂（HRTS）系统上，这些系统悬挂着形成光学腔的两个镜子。通过测量该腔相对于稳定参考的长度稳定性，我们旨在探测使用COBRI进行主动阻尼时的直接运动减少，并旨在研究其行为和辅助功能，例如绝对测距，在悬挂系统的6自由度控制背景下。在这里，我们描述了实验的设计以及使用HRTS悬挂的机械模型获得的可实现噪声水平的模拟。我们讨论了所有相关的噪声源，干涉传感器阻尼的建模影响，以及在地震预隔离方面我们测试设施的当前限制和必要的改进，以在大约5赫兹处实现阴影传感器限制的噪声，在此频率下，根据我们的模拟，我们可以展示COBRI在纵向自由度上的优越性能。

[3] arXiv:2508.12111 (replaced) [cn-pdf, pdf, html, other]

Title: CosmicWatch: The Desktop Muon Detector(v3X) Show Chinese title

Title: 宇宙观察：桌面μ子探测器(v3X)

Spencer Axani, Masooma Sarfraz, Miles Garcia, Collin Owens, Katarzyna Frankiewicz, Janet M. Conrad

Journal-ref: Journal of Instrumentation, Volume 20, October 2025

Subjects: Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det)

The CosmicWatch Desktop Muon Detector (v3X) is a compact, low-cost, and portable device designed for detecting ionizing radiation, including cosmic-ray muons. Building on previous iterations, the v3X introduces significant hardware and firmware improvements that enhance sensitivity, usability, and data acquisition capabilities. The detector integrates a plastic scintillator and silicon photomultiplier (SiPM), custom designed electronics for signal processing, onboard data storage, OLED display, environmental sensors, and USB connectivity. With a total component cost under \$100 and a build time suitable for high school students, the v3X is ideal for education, outreach, and introductory research applications in particle and astroparticle physics. This paper details the design, performance, and potential use cases of the v3X, supported by example measurements demonstrating its functionality. Show Chinese abstract

宇宙观察桌面μ子探测器（v3X）是一种紧凑、低成本且便携的设备，旨在检测电离辐射，包括宇宙射线μ子。 在之前版本的基础上，v3X引入了显著的硬件和固件改进，提高了灵敏度、易用性和数据采集能力。 探测器集成了塑料闪烁体和硅光电倍增管（SiPM），定制设计的信号处理电子电路，板载数据存储，OLED显示屏，环境传感器和USB连接功能。 总组件成本低于100美元，组装时间适合高中生，v3X非常适合用于粒子物理和天体粒子物理领域的教育、推广和初步研究应用。 本文详细介绍了v3X的设计、性能和潜在应用案例，并通过示例测量结果展示了其功能。

[4] arXiv:2507.09086 (replaced) [cn-pdf, pdf, html, other]

Title: Long Term Study of Sedimentation and Biofouling at Cascadia Basin, the Site of the Pacific Ocean Neutrino Experiment Show Chinese title

Title: 卡斯卡迪亚盆地长期沉积和生物污染研究，太平洋海洋中中微子实验的地点

O. Aghaei, M. Agostini, S. Agreda, A. Alexander Wight, P. S. Barbeau, A. J. Baron, S. Bash, C. Bellenghi, B. Biffard, M. Boehmer, M. Brandenburg, D. Brussow, N. Cedarblade-Jones, M. Charlton, B. Crudele, M. Danninger, F. C. De Leo, T. DeYoung, F. Fuchs, A. Gärtner, J. Garriz, D. Ghuman, L. Ginzkey, V. Gousy-Leblanc, D. Grant, A. Grimes, C. Haack, R. Halliday, D. Hembroff, F. Henningsen, J. Hutchinson, R. Jenkyns, S. Karanth, T. Kerscher, S. Kershtein, K. Kopański, C. Kopper, P. Krause, C. B. Krauss, I. Kulin, N. Kurahashi, C. Lagunas Gualda, A. Lam, T. Lavallee, K. Leismüller, R. Li, S. Loipolder, A. Magaña Ponce, S. Magel, P. Malecki, G. G. Marshall, T. Martin, S. Mihaly, C. Miller, N. Molberg, R. Moore, B. Nührenbörger, B. Nichol, W. Noga, R. Ørsøe, L. Papp, V. Parrish, M. Paulson, P. Pfahler, B. Pirenne, E. Price, A. Rahlin, M. Rangen, E. Resconi, C. Ridsdale, S. Robertson, A. Round, D. Salazar-Gallegos, A. Scholz, L. Schumacher, S. Sharma, C. Spannfellner, J. Stacho, I. Taboada, A. R. Thurber, M. Tradewell, J. P. Twagirayezu, M. Un Nisa, B. Veenstra, S. Wagner, C. Weaver, N. Whitehorn, L. Winter, M. Wolf, R. Wroński, J. H. Wynne, J. P. Yañez, A. Zaalishvili

Comments: 10 pages, 8 figures, 1 table, corrected authorship metadata - submitted to European Physical Journal - C. This version is the first revision after reviewer comments. Edits mainly provide additional details and clarity to the previous version

Subjects: High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex) ; Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det)

STRings for Absorption Length in Water (STRAW)-a and b were pathfinder instruments deployed to characterize the anticipated site of the Pacific Ocean Neutrino Experiment (P-ONE), which is a future neutrino telescope that will be located in the North Pacific Ocean. Measurements of the evolution of the optical transmission efficiency from STRAW-a showed a decline over the detector's lifetime for the upward-facing modules. Video footage of the pathfinders strongly suggested this decline was caused by biofouling and sedimentation. We measure the effect of biofouling and sedimentation to be a decrease in the transparency of upward-facing optical surfaces over 5 years of operations. A majority of downward-facing optical surfaces, which will dominate P-ONE's sensitivity to astrophysical sources, showed no visible biofouling. Extrapolations motivated by biological growth models estimated that these losses started around 2.5 years after deployment, and suggest a reduction in transparency ranging from 35$\%$ of the original to complete obscuration for the upward-facing modules. Samples of biofouling were taken in order to identify the microbial diversity of these organisms and inform potential intervention strategies. Results of the microbial samples and a candidate anti-biofouling strategy that will be tested on upcoming P-ONE instruments are discussed. Show Chinese abstract

STRings for Absorption Length in Water (STRAW)-a和b是用于表征太平洋海洋中预期的中微子实验（P-ONE）地点的先导仪器，P-ONE是一项未来将位于北太平洋的中微子望远镜。 STRAW-a的光学传输效率演变测量显示，对于朝上模块，在探测器的使用寿命内出现了下降。 先导仪器的视频记录强烈表明，这种下降是由生物污染和沉积引起的。 我们测量到生物污染和沉积的影响是在5年的运行过程中，朝上光学表面的透明度下降。 大多数朝下光学表面，这些表面将主导P-ONE对天体物理源的灵敏度，没有显示出可见的生物污染。 由生物生长模型激发的外推估计，这些损耗在部署后约2.5年开始，并表明朝上模块的透明度减少范围从原始值的35$\%$到完全遮蔽。 为了确定这些生物污染的微生物多样性并提供潜在干预策略的信息，采集了生物污染样本。 讨论了微生物样本的结果以及将在即将到来的P-ONE仪器上测试的一种候选抗生物污染策略。