标题： 追逐奇异性：用中微子望远镜研究暂现源 显示英文标题

标题： Chasing Serendipity: Tackling Transient Sources with Neutrino Telescopes

摘要： 冰立方探测器发现超高能中微子标志着中微子天文学的开端，但这些中微子的起源和产生机制仍然是未解之谜。最近，KM3NeT合作组观测到了迄今为止最高能量的中微子事件，使暂现源——那些以短暂且局部化爆发形式发射粒子的天体物理对象——成为有希望的候选者。在这项工作中，我们重新审视了冰立方及其他未来中微子望远镜中此类源的识别问题，重点关注源的时间特性和天空定位对其探测灵敏度的影响。我们强调了赤经对于非极地探测器（如KM3NeT）有效面积的重要性，并提出了一种框架来系统地考虑这种依赖关系。作为案例研究，我们探讨了蒸发的原初黑洞（PBHs）作为暂现中微子源的可能性，表明检测前景和定位精度强烈受到PBH在天空位置的影响。我们的结果强调了中微子与伽马射线观测台之间的互补性，并展示了全球中微子探测器网络识别和定位可能被传统光子仪器遗漏的暂现事件的潜力。 显示英文摘要

摘要： The discovery of ultra-high-energy neutrinos by IceCube marked the beginning of neutrino astronomy. Yet, the origin and production mechanisms of these neutrinos remain open questions. With the recent observation of the highest-energy neutrino event to date by the KM3NeT collaboration, transient sources - astrophysical objects that emit particles in brief, localized bursts - have emerged as promising candidates. In this work, we revisit the identification of such sources in IceCube and future neutrino telescopes, focusing on how both the timing and sky localization of the source affect the detection sensitivity. We highlight the crucial role of the source's right ascension in determining the effective area of detectors not located at the poles, such as KM3NeT, and present a framework to consistently account for this dependence. As a case study, we investigate evaporating primordial black holes (PBHs) as transient neutrino sources, showing that the detection prospects and localization accuracy are strongly influenced by the PBH's position in the sky. Our results emphasize the complementarity between neutrino and gamma-ray observatories and showcase the potential of a global network of neutrino detectors to identify and localize transient events that might be missed by traditional photon-based instruments.