标题： 回到基础——观测支持球形闭合的动力学空间 显示英文标题

标题： Back to the basis - observations support spherically closed dynamic space

摘要： 通过研究空间作为在运动和引力零能平衡中的四维球面的球形闭合表面，可以得到宇宙外观和发展的一个整体观点。 这种方法重新确立了爱因斯坦关于宇宙结构的原始观点，但与强迫空间静态并引入宇宙常数不同，它允许空间收缩或膨胀，同时在整个结构内持续保持运动能量和引力能量之间的平衡。 在球形闭合的动力学空间中，第四维度本质上是度量性的；时间可以被视为一个普遍的标量，而第四维度中的线元 cdt 被赋予了空间以速度 c 在时间微分 dt 内移动的距离的意义。 物质的静止能量表现为由于空间沿结构四半径方向运动而产生的运动能量。 空间中的所有速度都与空间的四速度相关联，局部静止状态表现为局部能量系统的属性，而非观察者的状态。 相对论现象和宇宙学预测可以用封闭的数学形式推导出来，宇宙学的图景得以清晰化；预测了遥远空间的欧几里得外观，并且不需要暗能量或自由参数来解释遥远物体的大小/红移关系。 显示英文摘要

摘要： A holistic view of the cosmological appearance and development of space is obtained by studying space as a spherically closed surface of a 4-sphere in a zero energy balance between motion and gravitation. Such an approach re-establishes Einstein's original view of the cosmological structure of the universe but instead of forcing space to be static with a cosmology constant, it lets it contract or expand while constantly maintaining a balance between the energies of motion and gravitation within the structure. In spherically closed dynamic space the fourth dimension is purely metric in its nature; time can be treated as a universal scalar, and the line element cdt in the fourth dimension gets the meaning of the distance that space moves at velocity c in time differential dt. The rest energy of matter appears as the energy of motion due to the motion of space in the direction of the 4-radius of the structure. All velocities in space are related to the 4-velocity of space, and the local state of rest appears as a property of the local energy system rather than as the state of an observer. Relativistic phenomena and cosmological predictions can be derived in closed mathematical form and the picture of cosmology is cleared; the Euclidean appearance of distant space is predicted and no dark energy or free parameters are needed to explain the magnitude/redshift relations of distant objects.