标题： 研究超新星反馈对椭圆星系中卫星的影响 显示英文标题

标题： Investigating the Impact of Supernova Feedback on Satellites in Elliptical Galaxies

摘要： 我们使用流体动力学模拟研究超新星（SN）反馈对椭圆宿主星系卫星的影响。 利用GADGET-3代码的修改版本，我们对11个恒星质量在$10^{11} M_{\odot} < M_{*} < 2 \times 10^{11} M_{\odot}$范围内的椭圆星系进行了宇宙学缩放模拟。 我们进行了两组初始条件相同的模拟：基准模型，其中包括三相SN机械风；以及弱SN反馈模型，其中几乎所有的SN能量以热能形式释放，SN风速度降低。 我们的比较显示，椭圆宿主星系差异很小，但卫星星系的物理特性有显著变化。 与基准模型相比，弱SN反馈模型产生了更多的卫星星系，且远多于观测结果。 对于恒星质量高于$10^{8}$ $M_{\odot}$ 的卫星星系，弱SN反馈模型产生的卫星数量约为xSAGA调查中观测到的五倍。 这些过量产生的卫星大多数具有较小的恒星质量，低于$10^{10}$ $M_{\odot}$ 。 此外，弱SN反馈模型中的卫星比SAGA调查和基准模型中观测到的卫星更紧凑，金属度比观测值高近1 dex。 结论是，包含机械SN反馈的基准模型中的卫星星系表现出更接近观测结果的特性。 这强调了在模拟中同时包含机械AGN和SN反馈的必要性，以重现椭圆星系及其卫星的观测特性。 显示英文摘要

摘要： We investigate the influence of supernova (SN) feedback on the satellites of elliptical host galaxies using hydrodynamic simulations. Utilizing a modified version of the GADGET-3 code, we perform cosmological zoom-in simulations of 11 elliptical galaxies with stellar masses in the range $10^{11} M_{\odot} < M_{*} < 2 \times 10^{11} M_{\odot}$. We conduct two sets of simulations with identical initial conditions: the Fiducial model, which includes a three-phase SN mechanical wind, and the weak SN feedback model, where nearly all SN energy is released as thermal energy with a reduced SN wind velocity. Our comparison shows minimal differences in the elliptical host galaxies, but significant variations in the physical properties of satellite galaxies. The weak SN feedback model produces a larger number of satellite galaxies compared to the Fiducial model, and significantly more than observed. For satellite galaxies with stellar masses above $10^{8}$ $M_{\odot}$, the weak SN feedback model generates approximately five times more satellites than observed in the xSAGA survey. Most of these overproduced satellites have small stellar masses, below $10^{10}$ $M_{\odot}$. Additionally, satellites in the weak SN feedback model are about 3.5 times more compact than those observed in the SAGA survey and the Fiducial model, with metallicities nearly 1 dex higher than observed values. In conclusion, the satellite galaxies in the Fiducial model, which includes mechanical SN feedback, exhibit properties more closely aligned with observations. This underscores the necessity of incorporating both mechanical AGN and SN feedback to reproduce the observed properties of elliptical galaxy and their satellites in simulations.