标题： LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA目录中低质量双致密星体的相空间：不同形成场景的可能性提示 显示英文标题

标题： The Phase Space of Low-Mass Binary Compact Objects from LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA Catalog: Hints on the Chances of Different Formation Scenarios

摘要： 引力波（GW）观测极大地推动了我们对双致密天体（BCO）形成的认识，但直接将这些观测与特定的形成场景联系起来仍然具有挑战性。 BCO相空间提供了一种稳健且数据驱动的方法来发现这些双星可能的形成场景。 在这项研究中，我们将之前引入的双黑洞相空间技术扩展到包含低质量致密天体（LMCO），建立了一个新的框架来研究它们多样的形成机制。 通过将这种方法应用于从GWTC-3目录中选定的低质量事件$(\lesssim 5 M_\odot)$和最近观测到的GW230529事件，我们首次展示了LMCO的相空间演示，并找到了不同形成场景（包括中子星、天体黑洞或原初黑洞）的相关概率。 我们的分析包含了天体物理建模中的不确定性及其如何导致不同形成场景之间的退化。 未来，随着引力波探测器灵敏度的提高和更多GW事件的检测，LMCO相空间框架将显著增强我们关联更可能的形成场景的能力，从而深化我们对天体物理和原初场景下致密天体形成的理解，并完善其在整个宇宙红移中的演化过程。 显示英文摘要

摘要： Gravitational wave (GW) observations have significantly advanced our understanding of binary compact object (BCO) formation, yet directly linking these observations to specific formation scenarios remains challenging. The BCO phase space provides a robust and data-driven approach to discover the likely formation scenarios of these binaries. In this study, we expand the previously introduced binary black hole phase-space technique to encompass low-mass compact objects (LMCOs), establishing a novel framework to investigate their diverse formation mechanisms. Applying this approach to selected low-mass events $(\lesssim 5 M_\odot)$ from the GWTC-3 catalog and the recently observed GW230529 event, we show for the first time the phase-space demonstration of the LMCOs and find the associated probabilities for different formation scenarios including neutron stars, astrophysical black holes, or primordial black holes. Our analysis includes the astrophysical modelling uncertainties in and how it causes degeneracy between different formation scenarios. In future, with improvements in GW detector sensitivity and with detection of more GW events, the LMCO phase-space framework will significantly strengthen our capacity to associate more likely formation scenarios over the other, thereby refining our understanding of compact object formation for both astrophysical and primordial scenarios, and its evolution across the cosmic redshift.