标题： 利用宜居世界观测站探索邻近矮星系中的休眠黑洞种群 显示英文标题

标题： Exploring the Quiescent Black Hole Population of Nearby Dwarf Galaxies with the Habitable World Observatory

摘要： 超大质量黑洞（SMBHs）的形成和增长仍然是天体物理学中一个重要的未解问题，尤其是在低质量领域，那里的观测数据很少。宜居世界观测站（HWO）具备衍射极限成像和高分辨率紫外-光学光谱学，为探索附近矮星系中大质量黑洞（MBHs）的人口统计提供了独特的机会。我们提出一个计划，通过解析恒星速度弥散度至30$\rm km \, s^{-1}$，在距离$10-30$兆秒差距内的星系中动态检测质量低至$10^{4.5} \, \rm M_\odot$的休眠MBHs。这项努力将显著扩展当前的黑洞-星系尺度关系到矮星系领域，探究黑洞种子与其环境之间的基本联系。利用从现有目录中选取的$\sim 100$个体积受限的矮星系样本，HWO将解析MBHs的引力影响区，并通过Ca II三重吸收线实现恒星运动学的精确测量。这些观测将检验不同种子形成情景的预测——来自第三星族遗迹的轻种子与来自直接坍缩的重种子——并澄清矮星系是否保留了其初始黑洞种群的痕迹。结果将提供关于SMBH形成渠道以及黑洞与星系在宇宙时间中的共同演化的关键见解。 显示英文摘要

摘要： The formation and growth of supermassive black holes (SMBHs) remain a significant unsolved problem in astrophysics, particularly in the low-mass regime, where observations are sparse. The Habitable Worlds Observatory (HWO), with its diffraction-limited imaging and high-resolution UV-optical spectroscopy, presents a unique opportunity to explore the demographics of massive black holes (MBHs) in nearby dwarf galaxies. We propose a program to dynamically detect quiescent MBHs with masses as low as $10^{4.5} \, \rm M_\odot$ in galaxies within $10-30$ Mpc, by resolving stellar velocity dispersions down to 30 $\rm km \, s^{-1}$. This effort will dramatically extend current black hole-host galaxy scaling relations into the dwarf regime, probing the fundamental connection between black hole seeds and their environments. Using a volume-limited sample of $\sim 100$ dwarf galaxies drawn from existing catalogs, HWO will resolve the gravitational sphere of influence of MBHs and enable precision measurements of stellar kinematics via Ca II triplet absorption lines. These observations will test predictions from competing seed formation scenarios -- light seeds from Population III remnants versus heavy seeds from direct collapse -- and clarify whether dwarf galaxies retain imprints of their initial black hole population. The results will offer critical insight into SMBH formation channel and the co-evolution of black holes and galaxies across cosmic time.