标题： 高红移活动星系核在辐射流体动力学模拟中的种群 显示英文标题

标题： High-redshift AGN population in radiation-hydrodynamics simulations

摘要： 高红移活动星系核（AGN）长期以来被认为是早期黑洞增长和星系演化的关键探针。 然而，由于涉及的光度和黑洞质量范围广泛，以及实时捕捉气体流体动力学响应和演化辐射场的计算成本高昂，对该群体的建模仍然具有挑战性。 在本研究中，我们基于IllustrisTNG星系形成框架，增强了实时辐射转移，提出了一套新的模拟，以研究从MillenniumTNG模拟中提取的原星系团环境中的高红移（z > 5）AGN。 我们关注黑洞与其宿主星系的共同演化，以及辐射对周围星际气体的影响。 该模型预测，黑洞形成于高密度区域，并低于当地的黑洞-恒星质量关系，恒星质量的积累先于显著的黑洞吸积。 电离光子主要由恒星产生，它们塑造了电离区域的形态并推动再电离。 鉴于原始IllustrisTNG模型中黑洞生长受到限制，我们将辐射效率从0.2降低到0.1，导致大质量黑洞的吸积率更高，增长更爆发，并且AGN驱动的抑制更早发生。 然而，结果中的AGN仍然明显比观测到的高红移类星体暗淡。 因此，为了包含这一缺失群体，我们引入了一个类星体增强模型，在该模型中我们人为地提升了AGN的光度。 这导致了对周围气体的强烈影响，最显著的是近邻效应，并对氦的电离有较大贡献。 显示英文摘要

摘要： High-redshift active galactic nuclei (AGN) have long been recognized as key probes of early black hole growth and galaxy evolution. However, modeling this population remains difficult due to the wide range of luminosities and black hole masses involved, and the high computational costs of capturing the hydrodynamic response of gas and evolving radiation fields on-the-fly. In this study, we present a new suite of simulations based on the IllustrisTNG galaxy formation framework, enhanced with on-the-fly radiative transfer, to examine AGN at high redshift (z > 5) in a protocluster environment extracted from the MillenniumTNG simulation. We focus on the co-evolution of black holes and their host galaxies, as well as the radiative impact on surrounding intergalactic gas. The model predicts that black holes form in overdense regions and lie below the local black hole-stellar mass relation, with stellar mass assembly preceding significant black hole accretion. Ionizing photons are primarily produced by stars, which shape the morphology of ionized regions and drive reionization. Given the restrictive black hole growth in the original IllustrisTNG model, we reduce the radiative efficiency from 0.2 to 0.1, resulting in higher accretion rates for massive black holes, more bursty growth, and earlier AGN-driven quenching. However, the resulting AGN remain significantly fainter than observed high-redshift quasars. As such, to incorporate this missing population, we introduce a quasar boosted model, in which we artificially boost the AGN luminosity. This results in strong effects on the surrounding gas, most notably a proximity effect, and large contributions to He ionization.