标题： 宇宙射线的长期时间变化性及其对地球生命发展可能的相关性 显示英文标题

标题： Long term time variability of cosmic rays and possible relevance to the development of life on Earth

摘要： 分析了地球自形成以来宇宙射线强度的变化方式及其对生命起源和演化可能的相关性。 大部分分析集中在“高能”宇宙射线（$E>10^{14}eV;=0.1PeV$）及其由于太阳系与超新星遗迹距离变化而产生的变异性，这些超新星遗迹通常被认为是造成大部分直到PeV能量范围的宇宙射线的主要原因。 指出，在统计学基础上，在地球生物圈达到合理稳定状态到非常基础的生命形式出现之间的约1亿年期间，可能会有很大的波动。 有趣的是，有越来越强的可能性表明PeV宇宙射线负责引发地球上的闪电，并且闪电频率可能大幅增加，从而促进一些复杂分子的形成，这些复杂分子是“生命构建块”的一部分。 还注意到闪电引发氮氧化物的众所周知的现象，这些物质对动物有害但对植物生长有益；同样，剧烈变化的宇宙射线强度可能与进化变化相关。 我们提出的宇宙射线加速模型的一个特殊变体预测了过去闪电频率的增加，并在韩国历史记录中寻找到了这种现象。 最后，检查了总体宇宙射线强度的时间依赖性，这种依赖性主要体现在小于10 GeV的能量范围内。 宇宙射线与“全球电气回路”的相关性指出了这一概念的重要性。 显示英文摘要

摘要： An analysis is made of the manner in which the cosmic ray intensity at Earth has varied over its existence and its possible relevance to both the origin and the evolution of life. Much of the analysis relates to the 'high energy' cosmic rays ($E>10^{14}eV;=0.1PeV$) and their variability due to the changing proximity of the solar system to supernova remnants which are generally believed to be responsible for most cosmic rays up to PeV energies. It is pointed out that, on a statistical basis, there will have been considerable variations in the likely 100 My between the Earth's biosphere reaching reasonable stability and the onset of very elementary life. Interestingly, there is the increasingly strong possibility that PeV cosmic rays are responsible for the initiation of terrestrial lightning strokes and the possibility arises of considerable increases in the frequency of lightnings and thereby the formation of some of the complex molecules which are the 'building blocks of life'. Attention is also given to the well known generation of the oxides of nitrogen by lightning strokes which are poisonous to animal life but helpful to plant growth; here, too, the violent swings of cosmic ray intensities may have had relevance to evolutionary changes. A particular variant of the cosmic ray acceleration model, put forward by us, predicts an increase in lightning rate in the past and this has been sought in Korean historical records. Finally, the time dependence of the overall cosmic ray intensity, which manifests itself mainly at sub-10 GeV energies, has been examined. The relevance of cosmic rays to the 'global electrical circuit' points to the importance of this concept.