标题： 二进制恒星在新千年 显示英文标题

标题： Binary Stars in the New Millennium

摘要： 双星和单星一样常见。 双星对天体物理学家非常重要，因为它们使我们能够独立于恒星的距离来确定恒星的质量。 它们是理解恒星演化理论的基石，在宇宙距离测量、银河系演化、核合成以及重要天体如灾变变星、X射线双星、Ia型超新星和产生引力波的双致密天体的形成中起着关键作用。 在本文中，我们回顾了在新千年中解决双星问题的重要理论和观测进展。 日益庞大的调查项目导致发现了大量双星，这使我们能够对双星种群进行统计研究，从而提供对恒星和双星演化物理的前所未有的洞察。 同时，双星演化的理论概念和数值方法的快速发展已在缓解一些长期存在的双星相关问题方面取得了显著进展，例如质量转移的稳定性以及共同包层演化。 然而，要全面理解恒星和双星天体物理学的基本问题仍然是一项挑战。 即将到来的大规模调查项目和日益复杂的计算方法将带来未来的进展。 显示英文摘要

摘要： Binary stars are as common as single stars. Binary stars are of immense importance to astrophysicists because that they allow us to determine the masses of the stars independent of their distances. They are the cornerstone of the understanding of stellar evolutionary theory and play an essential role in cosmic distance measurement, galactic evolution, nucleosynthesis and the formation of important objects such as cataclysmic variable stars, X-ray binaries, Type Ia supernovae, and gravitational wave-producing double compact objects. In this article, we review the significant theoretical and observational progresses in addressing binary stars in the new millennium. Increasing large survey projects have led to the discovery of enormous numbers of binary stars, which enables us to conduct statistical studies of binary populations, and therefore provide unprecedented insight into the stellar and binary evolution physics. Meanwhile, the rapid development of theoretical concepts and numerical approaches for binary evolution have made a substantial progress on the alleviation of some long-standing binary-related problems such as the stability of mass transfer and common envelope evolution. Nevertheless, it remains a challenge to have a full understanding of fundamental problems of stellar and binary astrophysics. The upcoming massive survey projects and increasingly sophisticated computational methods will lead to future progress.