标题： 探测超大质量黑洞双星周围的玻色云 显示英文标题

标题： Probing Boson Clouds with Supermassive Black Hole Binaries

摘要： 旋转黑洞可以通过超辐射生成玻色子云，当玻色子的康普顿波长与黑洞的大小相当的时候。在双星系统中，这些云可以产生独特的观测印记。近期的研究考虑了轨道反冲引起的非线性效应，表明如果双星在较大分离距离形成，共振跃迁可能会显著耗尽云，除了非常特定的轨道倾角外，最小化后续的观测后果。本文中，我们将这一框架扩展到超大质量黑洞双星（SMBHBs），考虑它们天体物理演化历史的影响。我们发现，在进入引力波（GW）辐射阶段之前，额外的能量损耗通道可以加速轨道演化。这种加速使得高精度共振跃迁变得无效，从而允许足够多的云残存下来以供后续的直接观测。我们进一步讨论了在这个阶段发生的电离效应和云耗尽现象。基于这些理论见解，我们探讨了如何利用多信使观测来检测SMBHBs中的玻色子云电离效应，通过电磁测量中轨道周期衰减率的变化以及宽频带引力波应变的变化来检查。我们的研究结果揭示了二元系统总质量、质量比和玻色子质量之间复杂依赖关系，强调了天体物理演化历史在探测双星系统中的玻色子云时的重要作用。 显示英文摘要

摘要： Rotating black holes can generate boson clouds via superradiance when the boson's Compton wavelength is comparable to the black hole's size. In binary systems, these clouds can produce distinctive observational imprints. Recent studies accounting for nonlinearities induced by orbital backreaction suggest that if the binary forms at a large separation, resonance transitions can significantly deplete the cloud, minimizing later observational consequences except for very specific orbital inclinations. In this paper, we extend this framework to supermassive black hole binaries (SMBHBs), considering the influence of their astrophysical evolutionary histories. We find that, before entering the gravitational wave (GW) radiation stage, the additional energy loss channels can accelerate orbital evolution. This acceleration makes hyperfine resonant transitions inefficient, allowing a sufficient portion of the cloud to remain for later direct observations. We further discuss the ionization effects and cloud depletion occurring at this stage. Based on these theoretical insights, we explore how multi-messenger observations for SMBHBs can be utilized to detect the ionization effects of boson clouds by examining changes in the orbital period decay rate via electromagnetic measurements and variations in GW strain over a wide frequency band. Our findings reveal a complex dependence on the binary's total mass, mass ratio, and boson mass, emphasizing the significant role of astrophysical evolution histories in detecting boson clouds within binaries.