标题： 25个X射线双星的演化时期变化及吸积双星角动量损失的经验普遍定律的测量 显示英文标题

标题： Evolutionary Period Changes for 25 X-ray Binaries and the Measurement of an Empirical Universal Law for Angular Momentum Loss in Accreting Binaries

摘要： 我测量并收集25个X射线双星（XRBs）轨道的相位标记（如日食时间）的定时数据，以计算稳定的演化周期变化（$\dot{P}$）。 我将这些数据与我从52个爆发变星（CVs）中观测到的$\dot{P}$测量结果相结合。 此外，我减去了引力辐射（$\dot{P}_{\rm GR}$）和质量转移（$\dot{P}_{\rm mt}$）的贡献，从剩余的未知角动量损失（$\dot{P}_{\rm AML}$=$\dot{P}$-$\dot{P}_{\rm GR}$-$\dot{P}_{\rm mt}$）中推导出周期变化。我有$\dot{P}_{\rm AML}$个测量值用于77个X射线双星（XRBs）和矮新星（CVs），这些是直接测量双星演化的驱动因素。双星演化的经典磁制动模型（MBM）的最基本预测得到了检验，大多数系统的预测误差超过一个数量级。其他用来解释角动量损失（AML）的机制也失败了，因此我们没有已知的主导AML的机制。 另一种通往AML定律的路径是经验性的，其中我的$\dot{P}_{\rm AML}$测量值被拟合到涉及基本二进制属性的幂律。 通过这种方式，轨道周期为 ($P$) 0.13--1.0 天的系统的主导AML定律是$\dot{P}_{\rm AML} = -1500\times10^{-12} P^{1.29} M_{\rm prim}^{2.75} M_{\rm comp}^{-1.00}\dot{M}^{0.43}_{-8}$，在适当的单位下。 对于周期间隙以下的双星和轨道周期为$P$$>$ 1.0 天的双星，推导出了类似的AML定律。 这三种AML定律具有良好的准确性，并且是对所有77个XRB和CV的所有类别的实际演化的最佳表示，因此这三种定律合起来可以称为“普遍的”。 显示英文摘要

摘要： I measure and collect timings of phase markers (like eclipse times) for the orbits of 25 X-ray binaries (XRBs) so as to calculate the steady evolutionary period change ($\dot{P}$). I combine these with my observed $\dot{P}$ measures from 52 cataclysmic variables (CVs). Further, I subtract out the contributions from gravitational radiation ($\dot{P}_{\rm GR}$) and mass transfer ($\dot{P}_{\rm mt}$), deriving the period change from the residual unknown angular momentum loss ($\dot{P}_{\rm AML}$=$\dot{P}$-$\dot{P}_{\rm GR}$-$\dot{P}_{\rm mt}$). I have $\dot{P}_{\rm AML}$ measures for 77 XRBs and CVs, with these being direct measures of the driver of binary evolution. The venerable Magnetic Braking Model (MBM) of binary evolution has its most fundamental predictions tested, with most systems having predictions wrong by over one order-of-magnitude. Other proposed mechanisms to explain the AML also fail, so we are left with no known mechanism that dominates the AML. An alternative path to the AML law is empirical, where my $\dot{P}_{\rm AML}$ measures are fitted to a power-law involving the fundamental binary properties. With this, the dominant AML law for systems with orbital periods ($P$) from 0.13--1.0 days is $\dot{P}_{\rm AML} = -1500\times10^{-12} P^{1.29} M_{\rm prim}^{2.75} M_{\rm comp}^{-1.00}\dot{M}^{0.43}_{-8}$, in appropriate units. Similar AML laws for binaries below the Period Gap and for binaries with $P$$>$1.0 day are derived. These three AML laws are of good accuracy and are the best representations of the actual evolution for all 77 XRBs and CVs of all classes, so the three taken together can be called `universal'.