标题： 附近疏散星团的潮汐尾。 II. 模拟特性综述及观测星表的可靠性 显示英文标题

标题： Tidal Tails of Nearby Open Clusters. II. A Review of Simulated Properties and the Reliability of Observational Catalogues

摘要： 上下文：最近使用盖亚数据的研究报告称，已检测到数十到数百个开放星团的潮汐尾。 然而，缺乏对这些检测的可靠性和完整性的全面评估。 目标：本研究旨在根据N体模拟总结潮汐尾的预期特性，回顾文献中潮汐尾检测的可靠性，并根据一组诊断测试对其进行评级。 方法：我们使用了68-20000 Msun的模拟星团网格，并分析了尾部的形成和演化。 我们从文献中整理了122个目录（58个独特星团），位于太阳500 pc范围内。 我们采用了基于光度、形态和动力学特征以及与模拟比较的测试，对它们的尾部进行评级。 结果：根据模拟，我们分析了尾部的复杂形态及其属性（例如，大小、跨度、恒星类型、数密度和质量函数）在不同星团质量和年龄下的情况。 在演化的前2亿年里，尾部通常形成一个特征性的S形，其振幅与星团质量成比例。 尾部跨度以初始速度弥散度的4倍速率增加，近尾部主要由近期逃逸的恒星组成。 结论：在122个已发表的尾部目录中，我们发现15个黄金和55个银色目录通过了大部分测试。 其余51个被评定为青铜；在进一步分析之前应谨慎对待这些目录。 尾部中恒星的年龄、金属丰度、双星分数和质量函数通常与其母星团一致。 黄金/银色目录（40个星团的69个目录）代表了用于尾部详细分析的可靠样本。 未来数据对于进一步验证以及利用潮汐尾作为星团溶解和银河势场的示踪物至关重要。 显示英文摘要

摘要： Context: Recent studies using Gaia data have reported tidal tail detections for tens to hundreds of open clusters. However, a comprehensive assessment of the reliability & completeness of these detections is lacking. Aims: This work aims to summarise the expected properties of tidal tails based on N-body simulations, review the reliability of tidal tail detections in the literature, and grade them according to a set of diagnostic tests. Methods: We used a grid of 68-20000 Msun simulated clusters & analysed the formation & evolution of the tails. We compiled 122 catalogues (58 unique clusters) from literature, within 500 pc of the Sun. We employed tests based on photometric, morphological & dynamical signatures, & comparisons with simulations, to grade their tails. Results: Based on the simulations, we analysed the complex morphology of the tails & their properties (e.g., size, span, stellar types, number density, & mass function) at various cluster masses & ages. During the first 200 Myr of evolution, the tails typically form a characteristic S shape, with an amplitude that scales with cluster mass. The tail span increases at a rate of 4 times the initial velocity dispersion, & the near-tail is predominantly populated by recent escapees. Conclusions: In the 122 published tail catalogues, we found that 15 gold & 55 silver catalogues passed the majority of the tests. The remaining 51 were graded as bronze; care should be taken before using these for further analysis. The age, metallicity, binary fraction, & mass function of stars in the tails were generally consistent with those of their parent clusters. The gold/silver catalogues (69 catalogues of 40 clusters) represent reliable samples for detailed analyses of tails. Future data will be essential for further validation & for leveraging tidal tails as tracers of cluster dissolution & the Galactic potential.