标题： 生命的起源中的分岔与相变 显示英文标题

标题： Bifurcations and Phase Transitions in the Origins of Life

摘要： 我们生物圈中生命出现的过程涉及几个关键事件，这些事件允许分子系统的持久性、繁殖和进化。所有这些过程都在特定的环境背景下发生，并且需要分子多样性以及正确的非平衡条件来维持和促进能够通过自然选择进化的复杂自我维持的分子网络。生命是一种从非生命中以多种方式脱离的过程，不能简化为标准化学反应。此外，实现更高水平的复杂性需要新奇事物的出现。这一切是如何发生的？在这里，我们回顾了与生命早期起源相关的不同案例研究，这些研究基于相变和分支点，使用对称性破缺和渗透作为两个核心组成部分。我们讨论了一些简单的模型，这些模型有助于理解关于生命起源的关键步骤，例如分子手性、向第一个复制者和合作者的转变、错误阈值和信息丢失的问题，以及“免费秩序”作为生命出现的基础的可能性。 显示英文摘要

摘要： The path toward the emergence of life in our biosphere involved several key events allowing for the persistence, reproduction and evolution of molecular systems. All these processes took place in a given environmental context and required both molecular diversity and the right non-equilibrium conditions to sustain and favour complex self-sustaining molecular networks capable of evolving by natural selection. Life is a process that departs from non-life in several ways and cannot be reduced to standard chemical reactions. Moreover, achieving higher levels of complexity required the emergence of novelties. How did that happen? Here, we review different case studies associated with the early origins of life in terms of phase transitions and bifurcations, using symmetry breaking and percolation as two central components. We discuss simple models that allow for understanding key steps regarding life origins, such as molecular chirality, the transition to the first replicators and cooperators, the problem of error thresholds and information loss, and the potential for "order for free" as the basis for the emergence of life.