标题： 当人工智能失败时，谁该负责？ 映射人工智能隐私和伦理事件的原因、实体与后果 显示英文标题

标题： Who is Responsible When AI Fails? Mapping Causes, Entities, and Consequences of AI Privacy and Ethical Incidents

摘要： 人工智能（AI）技术的快速发展改变了众多领域的决策方式，但同时也引发了重大隐私和伦理问题。然而，许多面向学术界、产业界和政府的AI事件分类法和指导原则缺乏基于真实世界事件的基础。我们分析了202起真实的AI隐私和伦理事件，从而产生了一个能够根据AI生命周期阶段对事件类型进行分类的分类法，并考虑了诸如原因、责任实体、披露来源以及影响等情境因素。我们的研究发现，AI开发者和使用者对于事件报告不足。许多事件是由组织决策不当和法律合规性缺失导致的。目前只有少数法律行动和纠正措施存在，而风险缓解工作也受到限制。我们的分类法为未来AI事件的报告提供了一种结构化的方法。我们的研究结果表明，现有的AI治理框架并不充分。我们需要针对儿童的专门保护以及社交媒体上的AI政策，这些政策必须对有害的AI生成内容加以控制和减少传播。我们的研究为政策制定者和从业者提供了洞见，使他们能够设计出符合伦理的AI系统。它还支持AI事件检测和风险管理，并指导AI政策的发展。改进的政策将保护人们免受有害的AI应用的影响，并支持AI系统的创新。 显示英文摘要

摘要： The rapid growth of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies has changed decision-making in many fields. But, it has also raised major privacy and ethical concerns. However, many AI incidents taxonomies and guidelines for academia, industry, and government lack grounding in real-world incidents. We analyzed 202 real-world AI privacy and ethical incidents. This produced a taxonomy that classifies incident types across AI lifecycle stages. It accounts for contextual factors such as causes, responsible entities, disclosure sources, and impacts. Our findings show insufficient incident reporting from AI developers and users. Many incidents are caused by poor organizational decisions and legal non-compliance. Only a few legal actions and corrective measures exist, while risk-mitigation efforts are limited. Our taxonomy contributes a structured approach in reporting of future AI incidents. Our findings demonstrate that current AI governance frameworks are inadequate. We urgently need child-specific protections and AI policies on social media. They must moderate and reduce the spread of harmful AI-generated content. Our research provides insights for policymakers and practitioners, which lets them design ethical AI. It also support AI incident detection and risk management. Finally, it guides AI policy development. Improved policies will protect people from harmful AI applications and support innovation in AI systems.