标题： 隐私保护加密货币指南：匿名性、保密性和可审计性的调查 显示英文标题

标题： A Hitchhiker's Guide to Privacy-Preserving Cryptocurrencies: A Survey on Anonymity, Confidentiality, and Auditability

摘要： 加密货币和中央银行数字货币（CBDC）正在重塑货币格局，提供了透明性和效率的同时，也引发了关于用户隐私和监管合规性的关键问题。 本调查提供了关于隐私保护数字货币的全面且基于技术的概述，涵盖了加密货币和 CBDC。 我们提出了一个隐私目标的分类法——包括匿名性、保密性、不可链接性和可审计性——并将它们映射到底层的密码学原语、协议机制和系统架构。 与之前的调查不同，我们的工作采用了一种以设计为导向的视角，将高层次的隐私目标与具体的实现联系起来。 我们还追踪了隐私保护货币的演变过程，通过三个阶段，强调从基本匿名保证向更复杂的隐私-问责制权衡的转变。 最后，我们在密码学、分布式系统和政策定义的交叉点上识别了开放挑战，这些挑战促使进一步研究平衡现实世界隐私和审计需求的数字货币的原语和设计。 显示英文摘要

摘要： Cryptocurrencies and central bank digital currencies (CBDCs) are reshaping the monetary landscape, offering transparency and efficiency while raising critical concerns about user privacy and regulatory compliance. This survey provides a comprehensive and technically grounded overview of privacy-preserving digital currencies, covering both cryptocurrencies and CBDCs. We propose a taxonomy of privacy goals -- including anonymity, confidentiality, unlinkability, and auditability -- and map them to underlying cryptographic primitives, protocol mechanisms, and system architectures. Unlike previous surveys, our work adopts a design-oriented perspective, linking high-level privacy objectives to concrete implementations. We also trace the evolution of privacy-preserving currencies through three generations, highlighting shifts from basic anonymity guarantees toward more nuanced privacy-accountability trade-offs. Finally, we identify open challenges at the intersection of cryptography, distributed systems, and policy definition, which motivate further investigation into the primitives and design of digital currencies that balance real-world privacy and auditability needs.