标题： 架构退化：定义、动机、度量和修复方法 显示英文标题

标题： Architectural Degradation: Definition, Motivations, Measurement and Remediation Approaches

摘要： 架构退化，也称为侵蚀、衰退或老化，影响系统质量、可维护性和适应性。 尽管广为人知，当前文献显示定义、度量和补救策略是碎片化的。 我们的研究旨在通过在学术和灰色文献中识别其定义、原因、度量、工具和补救方法来统一对架构退化的理解。 我们对108项研究进行了多视角文献综述，提取了定义、原因、度量、测量方法、工具和补救策略。 我们开发了一个分类法，包括架构、代码和过程债务，以探讨定义演变、方法趋势和研究缺口。 架构退化已从一个低层次问题转变为社会技术问题。 定义现在涉及代码违规、设计漂移和结构衰退。 原因分为架构（例如，文档不佳）、代码（例如，仓促修复）和过程债务（例如，知识流失）。 我们确定了54个度量和31种测量技术，主要关注异味、内聚性/耦合性和演化。 然而，大多数工具仅用于检测问题，很少支持持续或预防性补救。 退化既是技术性的也是组织性的。 虽然检测研究较为深入，但持续的补救仍然缺乏。 我们的研究表明，度量、工具和修复逻辑之间存在遗漏的整合，呼吁采用整体的、主动的策略，以实现可持续的架构。 显示英文摘要

摘要： Architectural degradation, also known as erosion, decay, or aging, impacts system quality, maintainability, and adaptability. Although widely acknowledged, current literature shows fragmented definitions, metrics, and remediation strategies. Our study aims to unify understanding of architectural degradation by identifying its definitions, causes, metrics, tools, and remediation approaches across academic and gray literature. We conducted a multivocal literature review of 108 studies extracting definitions, causes, metrics, measurement approaches, tools, and remediation strategies. We developed a taxonomy encompassing architectural, code, and process debt to explore definition evolution, methodological trends, and research gaps. Architectural degradation has shifted from a low-level issue to a socio-technical concern. Definitions now address code violations, design drift, and structural decay. Causes fall under architectural (e.g., poor documentation), code (e.g., hasty fixes), and process debt (e.g., knowledge loss). We identified 54 metrics and 31 measurement techniques, focused on smells, cohesion/coupling, and evolution. Yet, most tools detect issues but rarely support ongoing or preventive remediation. Degradation is both technical and organizational. While detection is well-studied, continuous remediation remains lacking. Our study reveals missed integration between metrics, tools, and repair logic, urging holistic, proactive strategies for sustainable architecture.