标题： M1-branes连接的宇宙空间的出现与振荡 显示英文标题

标题： Emergence and oscillation of cosmic space by joining M1-branes

摘要： 最近，Padmanabhan 提出，边界表面上自由度的数量与体区域中自由度的数量之间的差异导致了宇宙的膨胀。 现在，一个自然的问题出现了，这个模型如何解释宇宙在收缩和膨胀分支之间的振荡？ 我们尝试在 BIonic 系统的框架下解决这个问题。 在这个模型中，$M0$-膜相互连接，产生一对$M1$-反$M1$-膜。 这些膜上存在的场扮演着大质量引力子的角色，导致它们之间出现虫洞并形成 BIonic 系统。 这个虫洞溶解为 M1-膜，并导致$M1$边界表面和体区域之间的自由度数量出现差异，从而导致$M1$-膜的膨胀。 当$M1$-膜彼此靠近时，它们系统的平方能量变为负数，一些快子态出现。 为了消除这些状态，$M1$-膜发生紧致化，紧致化后的引力符号发生变化，导致反重力的出现：在这种情况下，膜彼此远离。 通过阐述$M1$-BIons，创建了一个 M3-膜和一个反$M3$-膜，并通过三个虫洞连接形成一个$M3$-BIon。 这个新系统表现得像初始系统，通过将膜相互闭合，它们会紧缩，而通过彼此远离，它们会展开。 我们的宇宙位于这些 M3-膜中的一个上，通过紧缩$M3$-膜，它会收缩，而通过展开它，它会膨胀。 显示英文摘要

摘要： Recently, it has been proposed by Padmanabhan that the difference between the number of degrees of freedom on the boundary surface and the number of degrees of freedom in a bulk region leads to the expansion of the universe. Now, a natural question arises, how this model could explain the oscillation of universe between contraction and expansion branches? We try to address this issue in the framework of BIonic system. In this model, $M0$-branes join to each other and give rise to a pair of $M1$-anti-$M1$-branes. The fields which live on these branes play the roles of massive gravitons that cause the emergence of a wormhole between them and formation of a BIon system. This wormhole dissolves into M1-branes and causes a divergence between the number of degrees of freedom on the boundary surface of $M1$ and the bulk leading to an expansion of $M1$-branes. When $M1$-branes become close to each other, the square energy of their system becomes negative and some tachyonic states emerge. To removes these states, $M1$-branes compact, the sign of compacted gravity changes, causing the arising of anti-gravity: in this case, branes get away from each other. By articulating $M1$-BIons, an M3-brane and an anti-$M3$-brane are created and connected by three wormholes forming an $M3$-BIon. This new system behaves like the initial system and by closing branes to each other, they compact and, by getting away from each other, they open. Our universe is located on one of these M3-branes and, by compacting $M3$-brane, it contracts and, by opening it, it expands.