标题： 哈勃张力和第五力：一部宇宙剧本 显示英文标题

标题： The Hubble tension and fifth forces: a cosmic screenplay

摘要： 第五种力在修改的引力理论中是普遍存在的。 在本文中，我们分析了它们对造父星校准的宇宙距离阶梯的影响，特别是对推导出的哈勃常数（$H_0$）的影响。 我们考虑了多种有效模型，其中第五种力的强度或屏蔽程度是通过与宇宙大尺度结构相关的代理场来估计的。 对于所有考虑的模型，本地距离阶梯和普朗克对$H_0$的值在概率$\gtrsim 20 \, \%$下一致，相比排除数据在$99 \, \%$置信度下的协调模型，缓解了张力。 缓解的差异部分是以造父星和红巨星分支顶端（TRGB）的距离估计之间的张力增加为代价的。 要求造父星和TRGB距离估计之间的一致性不受影响，一些第五种力模型仍能以概率$\gtrsim 20 \, \%$容纳数据。 这为更详细地研究基于这些有效模型的基本理论及其对哈勃张力的影响提供了动力。 显示英文摘要

摘要： Fifth forces are ubiquitous in modified theories of gravity. In this paper, we analyze their effect on the Cepheid-calibrated cosmic distance ladder, specifically with respect to the inferred value of the Hubble constant ($H_0$). We consider a variety of effective models where the strength, or amount of screening, of the fifth force is estimated using proxy fields related to the large-scale structure of the Universe. For all models considered, the local distance ladder and the Planck value for $H_0$ agrees with a probability $\gtrsim 20 \, \%$, relieving the tension compared to the concordance model with data being excluded at $99 \, \%$ confidence. The alleviated discrepancy comes partially at the cost of an increased tension between distance estimates from Cepheids and the tip of the red-giant branch (TRGB). Demanding also that the consistency between Cepheid and TRGB distance estimates is not impaired, some fifth force models can still accommodate the data with a probability $\gtrsim 20 \, \%$. This provides incentive for more detailed investigations of fundamental theories on which the effective models are based, and their effect on the Hubble tension.