标题： 提示 黑洞在双中子星合并中的形成 显示英文标题

标题： Prompt Black Hole Formation in Binary Neutron Star Mergers

摘要： 我们对双中子星（BNS）合并的提示性坍缩行为进行了深入分析。为此，我们使用一组具有不同刚度的真实状态方程（EOS）进行了超过$80$次广义相对论的BNS合并模拟，这些状态方程表现出强子物质和夸克物质之间的第一类解禁闭相变。从这些模拟中，我们推断出临界二进制质量$M_{\rm crit}$，它将提示性坍缩与非提示性坍缩区域分开。我们表明，临界质量随着EOS的刚度增加而增加，并遵循一个紧密的准普遍关系$M_{\rm crit}/M_{\rm TOV}\approx 1.41\pm 0.06$，该关系将其与静态中子星的最大质量$M_{\rm TOV}$联系起来，因此为提示性坍缩不可避免的总二进制质量提供了一个直接的估计。此外，我们引入了一种新的与规范无关的定义，以曲率不变量的形式定义了一族阈值质量，这些曲率不变量描述了随着二进制质量增加而更快坍缩的发展。使用这些诊断工具，我们发现超临界质量合并中，黑洞外部剩余物质的数量急剧下降，与亚临界合并相比，而在由夸克物质核心形成引发黑洞坍缩的合并中，剩余物质进一步减少。这意味着$M_{\rm crit}$，特别是对于具有夸克物质核心的合并残余，对BNS合并中任何可探测电磁对应物的发射施加了严格的上限。 显示英文摘要

摘要： We carry out an in-depth analysis of the prompt-collapse behaviour of binary neutron star (BNS) mergers. To this end, we perform more than $80$ general relativistic BNS merger simulations using a family of realistic Equations of State (EOS) with different stiffness, which feature a first order deconfinement phase transition between hadronic and quark matter. From these simulations we infer the critical binary mass $M_{\rm crit}$ that separates the prompt from the non-prompt collapse regime. We show that the critical mass increases with the stiffness of the EOS and obeys a tight quasi-universal relation, $M_{\rm crit}/M_{\rm TOV}\approx 1.41\pm 0.06$, which links it to the maximum mass $M_{\rm TOV}$ of static neutron stars, and therefore provides a straightforward estimate for the total binary mass beyond which prompt collapse becomes inevitable. In addition, we introduce a novel gauge independent definition for a one-parameter family of threshold masses in terms of curvature invariants of the Riemann tensor which characterizes the development toward a more rapid collapse with increasing binary mass. Using these diagnostics, we find that the amount of matter remaining outside the black hole sharply drops in supercritical mass mergers compared to subcritical ones and is further reduced in mergers where the black hole collapse is induced by the formation of a quark matter core. This implies that $M_{\rm crit}$, particularly for merger remnants featuring quark matter cores, imposes a strict upper limit on the emission of any detectable electromagnetic counterpart in BNS mergers.