标题： 孤子/振荡子主导下小尺度诱导引力波的增强 显示英文标题

标题： Enhancement of small-scale induced gravitational waves from the soliton/oscillon domination

摘要： 我们研究了由长寿命孤子和振荡子产生所引起的密度涨落以及标量诱导的引力波（GWs），这些孤子和振荡子可以主导早期宇宙，并在标准的辐射主导时期之前驱动再加热。 曲率扰动不仅由这些孤子/振荡子的泊松分布产生，而且在孤子/振荡子主导的早期物质主导阶段还会被放大。 具有特征能谱的标量诱导引力波由此放大后的曲率扰动产生，特别是在物质主导向辐射主导的突然转变期间尤为显著。 我们详细分析了这一情景及其引力波预测，重点关注初始能量分数、寿命以及这些孤子/振荡子的平均间距的影响。 这为各种引力波探测器提供了丰富的潜在观测目标。 此外，对于产生大间距振荡子的暴胀和预热模型，基于未来宇宙微波背景和大尺度结构观测预期的有效相对论自由度的上限，我们得出了对这些模型的新约束。 显示英文摘要

摘要： We investigate density fluctuations and scalar-induced gravitational waves (GWs) arising from the production of long-lived solitons and oscillons, which can dominate the early Universe and drive reheating prior to the standard radiation-dominated era. Curvature perturbations are generated not only by the Poisson distribution of these solitons/oscillons but are also amplified during the early matter-dominated phase when the solitons/oscillons dominate. Scalar-induced GWs with characteristic energy spectra emerge from these amplified curvature perturbations, particularly at the sudden transition from matter domination to radiation domination. We analyze this scenario and its GW predictions in detail, focusing on the impact of the initial energy fraction, the lifetime, and the average separation of these solitons/oscillons. This provides a wealth of potential observational targets for various GW detectors. Furthermore, for inflation and preheating models that produce oscillons with large separations, we derive new constraints on these models based on the upper bounds on the effective number of relativistic degrees of freedom, as anticipated from future cosmic microwave background and large-scale structure observations.