标题： 具有完全有效势的局域热平衡中的气泡壁速度 显示英文标题

标题： The Bubble Wall Velocity in Local Thermal Equilibrium with Full Effective Potential

摘要： 在宇宙相变过程中，泡泡壁的速度对于电弱重子生成和引力波预测至关重要。 我们开发了一种计算框架，利用全一阶有限温度有效势，在局域热平衡近似下直接确定速度。这种方法减少了使用简化袋模型引入的误差。 我们通过比较两种方法得到的结果来估算误差：一种方法是根据从流体动力学积分计算出的动能分数得出速度；另一种方法是使用固定速度，其中动能分数来自拟合公式。我们发现，当假设的速度与计算值一致时，拟合公式保留了合理的准确性。 然而，随着速度差异的增加，偏差也会增大，特别是在缓燃（deflagration）区域，峰值频率的相对误差达到48%，引力波谱峰值值的相对误差达到90%。相比之下，爆震（detonation）区域表现出显著较小的差异，峰值频率的最大偏差限制在6%，引力波谱峰值的最大偏差限制在18%。 显示英文摘要

摘要： In cosmological phase transitions, the bubble wall velocity is essential for electroweak baryogenesis and gravitational wave predictions. We develop a computational framework that directly determines the velocity within the local thermal equilibrium approximation, utilizing the full one-loop finite-temperature effective potential. This approach mitigates the errors introduced by using simplified bag model. We estimate the errors by comparing the results obtained using derived velocities-with kinetic energy fractions calculated from hydrodynamic integration-against those using fixed velocities, where kinetic energy fractions are derived from fitting formulas. We find that the fitting formulas retain reasonable accuracy when the assumed velocities align with the computed values. However, deviations grow as the velocity discrepancies increase, particularly in the deflagration regime, where relative errors reach 48% in peak frequency and 90% in peak value of gravitational wave spectrum. In contrast, the detonation regime exhibits significantly smaller discrepancies, with maximum deviations limited to 6% in peak frequency and 18% in peak spectrum.