标题： 水电解过程中 H$_2$气泡内的电解液喷射 显示英文标题

标题： Electrolyte spraying within H$_2$ bubbles during water electrolysis

摘要： 通过电解产生的气泡会显著阻碍整体的电解效率。因此，理解这些气泡的动力学对于优化水电解系统至关重要。在此，我们展示了一种独特的传输机制，在这种机制中，微气泡的聚结驱动由沃辛顿喷射断裂产生的电解质液滴进入气相，这一过程发生在氢气析出反应期间，并且在正常和微重力环境中均适用。这表明，H$_2$气泡不仅由氢气和蒸汽组成，还包含电解质成分。类似于液体-气体界面上破裂的气泡，这种行为会在气泡内部产生流动，而这种流动进一步受到气-电解质界面处的马兰戈尼对流的影响，凸显了界面的流动性。对于附着在电极上的气泡而言，喷射的液滴在气泡-电极接触区域形成电解质水坑，从而影响三相接触线附近的动力学过程，并促进气泡从电极上脱离。本研究的结果揭示了电解气泡在物理化学方面的关键见解，这对于优化气体析出的电化学系统至关重要。此外，我们的发现对于研究与电沉积酸雾形成、海面盐雾气溶胶生成以及液滴撞击液面等相关现象中的射流形成和破裂极限具有重要意义。 显示英文摘要

摘要： Electrolytically generated gas bubbles can significantly hamper the overall electrolysis efficiency. Therefore it is crucial to understand their dynamics in order to optimise water electrolyzer systems. Here we demonstrate a distinct transport mechanism where coalescence with microbubbles drives electrolyte droplets, resulting from the fragmentation of the Worthington jet, into the gas phase during hydrogen evolution reaction, both in normal and microgravity environments. This indicates that the H$_2$ bubble is not only composed of hydrogen gas and vapor but also includes electrolyte fractions. Reminiscent of bursting bubbles on a liquid-gas interface, this behavior results in a flow inside the bubble, which is further affected by Marangoni convection at the gas-electrolyte interface, highlighting interface mobility. In the case of electrode-attached bubbles, the sprayed droplets form electrolyte puddles at the bubble-electrode contact area, affecting the dynamics near the three-phase contact line and favoring bubble detachment from the electrode. The results of this work unravel important insights into the physicochemical aspects of electrolytic gas bubbles, integral for optimizing gas-evolving electrochemical systems. Besides, our findings are essential for studying the limits of jet formation and rupture relevant to acid mist formation in electrowinning, generation of sea spray aerosols, impact of droplets on liquid surfaces, etc.