标题： 理解卫星对射电天文观测的影响 显示英文标题

标题： Understanding the impact of satellites on radio astronomy observations

摘要： 射电望远镜观测来自天体的极其微弱的辐射，从紧凑源到跨越整个天空的大尺度结构。卫星在无线电频率上主动传输（特别是在10至20GHz，但卫星运营商已经计划未来使用越来越宽的频段），并且在射电天文观测中可能像太阳一样明亮。历史上的偏远位置使望远镜能够避免大部分干扰，然而随着地球上到处都有越来越多的卫星传输，这种情况已不再成立。甚至更偏远的位置，如月球背面，可能会提供新的射电天文观测机会，但这只有在它们受到卫星传输保护的情况下才成立。为了克服这一新的观测挑战，改善我们对无线电望远镜在整个频谱及更广范围内的卫星传输的理解迫在眉睫，这是确保未来访问黑暗和宁静天空的一部分。本文总结了当前无线电频率下活动卫星观测的现状，对未来天文观测的影响以及不断增加的活动卫星的长期后果。这将包括卫星主动传输的频率，它们无意中也传输的频率，以及关于热辐射和其他非预期发射的考虑。这项工作正在通过IAU CPS进行。 显示英文摘要

摘要： Radio telescopes observe extremely faint emission from astronomical objects, ranging from compact sources to large scale structures that can be seen across the whole sky. Satellites actively transmit at radio frequencies (particularly at 10--20\,GHz, but usage of increasing broader frequency ranges are already planned for the future by satellite operators), and can appear as bright as the Sun in radio astronomy observations. Remote locations have historically enabled telescopes to avoid most interference, however this is no longer the case with dramatically increasing numbers of satellites that transmit everywhere on Earth. Even more remote locations such as the far side of the Moon may provide new radio astronomy observation opportunities, but only if they are protected from satellite transmissions. Improving our understanding of satellite transmissions on radio telescopes across the whole spectrum and beyond is urgently needed to overcome this new observational challenge, as part of ensuring the future access to dark and quiet skies. In this contribution we summarise the current status of observations of active satellites at radio frequencies, the implications for future astronomical observations, and the longer-term consequences of an increasing number of active satellites. This will include frequencies where satellites actively transmit, where they unintentionally also transmit, and considerations about thermal emission and other unintended emissions. This work is ongoing through the IAU CPS.