标题： 从温度、气压和潜热中估算对流上升气流中的垂直速度 显示英文标题

标题： Estimating Vertical Velocity in Convective Updrafts from Temperature, Pressure, and Latent Heating

摘要： 对流云中的垂直速度（$w_c$）介导对流卷云的发展和全球水分输送，影响地球的能量平衡，但由于缺乏星载反演，迄今为止尚无法在全球范围内长期估计。 这里介绍并评估了一种在云内温度、压力和潜热加热率的垂直剖面条件下估计$w_c$的方法。 该方法依赖于对流云中$w_c$和凝结率（$\dot{q}_{vc}$）之间近似线性关系的解析模型，这些模型我们通过稳态和非稳态烟羽模型推导得出。 我们在分析中包括了从对流云中的过饱和率推导出的$\dot{q}_{vc}/w_c$的一个版本，该版本最近在 Kukulies 等人（2024）中提出。 我们针对使用不同模型核心和空间分辨率在热带和中纬度环境中的对流云模拟，评估了解析模型的准确性。 热带和中纬度环境之间的准确性差异表明，这种估计$w_c$的方法可能在中纬度地区导致更高的不确定性，尽管估算的速度是准确的。 尽管在解析表达式中做出了一些理论假设，限制了它们仅适用于液态水云，但$w_c$在温度低至240 K时的估计值与模拟值的偏差不超过$\approx2$m/s。讨论了潜在的应用、与未来卫星任务观测结果的验证以及改进估计方法的未来途径。 显示英文摘要

摘要： The vertical velocity in convective clouds ($w_c$) mediates convective anvil development and global moisture transport, influencing Earth's energy budget, but has yet to be estimated globally over long periods due to the absence of spaceborne retrievals. Here, a method for estimating $w_c$ given vertical profiles of in-cloud temperature, pressure, and latent heating rate is presented and assessed. The method relies on analytical models for the approximately linear relationship between $w_c$ and condensation rate ($\dot{q}_{vc}$) in convective clouds, which we derive from steady-state and non-steady-state plume models. We include in our analysis a version of $\dot{q}_{vc}/w_c$ derived from the supersaturation rate in convective clouds, recently presented in Kukulies et al. (2024). We assess the accuracy of the analytical models against convective cloud simulations run with different model cores and spatial resolutions in both tropical and mid-latitude environments. Differences in accuracies between tropical and mid-latitude environments suggest that this approach for estimating $w_c$ may lead to higher uncertainties in the mid-latitudes, although the estimated velocities are accurate. Despite assumptions in the analytical expressions that theoretically restrict them to liquid water clouds, $w_c$ is estimated to within $\approx2$ m/s of the simulated values at temperatures as low as 240 K. Potential applications, validation against future satellite mission observables, and future approaches for improving the estimation are discussed.