标题： 使用逐步拉伸协议在开放量子系统中演示Jarzynski等式 显示英文标题

标题： Demonstration of Jarzynski's Equality in Open Quantum Systems Using a Step-Wise Pulling Protocol

摘要： 我们提出了一种Jarzynski等式的推广，适用于量子系统，将离散化的机械功与自由能变化联系起来。 该理论基于分步拉伸协议。 我们发现，可以从分步拉伸协议中反应坐标沿反应路径的涨落构建功分布函数。 我们还提出了两组方程，以确定两种可能的最优路径，这些路径对自由能变化的贡献最大。 我们发现，满足这两组方程的这些最优化路径上的跃迁遵循细致平衡原理。 然后，我们通过显式计算一维量子谐振子的自由能变化来验证该理论。 这种方法建议了一种可行的方法，通过测量涨落来在实验中测试许多体系统（如玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚体）中的Jarzynski等式。 显示英文摘要

摘要： We present a generalization of Jarzynski's Equality, applicable to quantum systems, relating discretized mechanical work and free-energy changes. The theory is based on a step-wise pulling protocol. We find that work distribution functions can be constructed from fluctuations of a reaction coordinate along a reaction pathway in the step-wise pulling protocol. We also propose two sets of equations to determine the two possible optimal pathways that provide the most significant contributions to free-energy changes. We find that the transitions along these most optimal pathways, satisfying both sets of equations, follow the principle of detailed balance. We then test the theory by explicitly computing the free-energy changes for a one-dimensional quantum harmonic oscillator. This approach suggests a feasible way of measuring the fluctuations to experimentally test Jarzynski's Equality in many-body systems, such as Bose-Einstein condensates.