标题： GATE 10 蒙特卡罗粒子传输模拟 -- 第二部分：架构和创新 显示英文标题

标题： GATE 10 Monte Carlo particle transport simulation -- Part II: architecture and innovations

摘要： 在过去几年中，我们开发了GATE版本10，这是基于Geant4的长期医学物理中粒子和辐射传输模拟的大型重新实现。 此版本引入了许多新功能和重大改进，最显著的是用基于Python的用户界面取代了传统的静态输入文件。 GATE版本10的新功能在第一部分的配套论文中进行了描述。 开发过程中带来了许多挑战。 在本文中，我们介绍了为克服这些挑战而开发的解决方案。 特别是，我们介绍了一种模块化设计，能够稳健地管理模拟的核心组件：粒子源、几何结构、物理过程和数据采集。 该架构由用C++和Python编写的部分组成，需要进行耦合。 我们解释了该框架如何允许精确且具有时间意识的初级粒子生成，这是准确建模正电子发射断层扫描（PET）、放射性核素治疗和瞬时伽马定时系统的关键要求。 我们介绍了GATE 10如何处理复杂的Geant4物理设置，同时向用户提供简单的接口。 此外，我们描述了促进先进物理模型和方差减少技术无缝集成的技术解决方案。 该架构支持对物理量（如线性能量转移和相对生物效应）的复杂评分，并设计用于多线程执行。 新的用户界面允许研究人员编写复杂的模拟工作流，并直接耦合外部工具，例如用于源生成或探测器响应的人工智能模型。 通过详细说明这些架构创新，我们展示了GATE 10如何为医学物理的研究和创新提供更强大和灵活的工具。 显示英文摘要

摘要： Over the past years, we have developed GATE version 10, a major re-implementation of the long-standing Geant4-based Monte Carlo application for particle and radiation transport simulation in medical physics. This release introduces many new features and significant improvements, most notably a Python-based user interface replacing the legacy static input files. The new functionality of GATE version 10 is described in the part 1 companion paper. The development brought significant challenges. In this paper, we present the solutions that we have developed to overcome these challenges. In particular, we present a modular design that robustly manages the core components of a simulation: particle sources, geometry, physics processes, and data acquisition. The architecture consists of parts written in C++ and Python, which needed to be coupled. We explain how this framework allows for the precise, time-aware generation of primary particles, a critical requirement for accurately modeling positron emission tomography (PET), radionuclide therapies, and prompt-gamma timing systems. We present how GATE 10 handles complex Geant4 physics settings while exposing a simple interface to the user. Furthermore, we describe the technical solutions that facilitate the seamless integration of advanced physics models and variance reduction techniques. The architecture supports sophisticated scoring of physical quantities (such as Linear Energy Transfer and Relative Biological Effectiveness) and is designed for multithreaded execution. The new user interface allows researchers to script complex simulation workflows and directly couple external tools, such as artificial intelligence models for source generation or detector response. By detailing these architectural innovations, we demonstrate how GATE 10 provides a more powerful and flexible tool for research and innovation in medical physics.