标题： “祝贺你们，白痴”：有毒性动态和互动极化在新冠疫苗和乌克兰战争Twitter辩论中的表现 显示英文标题

标题： 'Congratulations, morons': Dynamics of Toxicity and Interaction Polarization in the Covid Vaccination and Ukraine War Twitter Debates

摘要： 社交媒体上关于公众关注的问题（如新冠大流行、外国选举干预和地区冲突）中的极化现象和回音室效应已被注意到。然而，衡量极化以及评估极化如何导致党派行为并不总是能够通过静态网络或情感测量来评估。 为了解决这个问题，我们分析了两个围绕新冠疫苗接种和乌克兰战争收集的大规模Twitter数据集，以研究影响者偏好演变和帖子内容毒性方面的极化情况。 通过将每个样本中的转发行为简化为几个关键维度，我们识别出反映意识形态偏好的集群，以及某些情况下地理或语言上的分离。 通过追踪这些集群随时间的中心转发趋势，我们观察到与对齐集群相比，非对齐集群的相对位置差异，我们认为这反映了信息传播空间中的极化动态。 然后我们测量帖子的毒性，并测试一个集群中的毒性是否可以随着时间依赖于其与其他集群的结构接近度（或毒性）。 我们发现在两个样本中用户集群之间存在意识形态对立的证据，并且至少有两个意识形态对立的集群之间的毒性与结构分歧之间存在时间关联。 这些观察支持了分析极化作为多方面动态现象的重要性，其中极化动态也可能以意想不到的方式表现出来，例如在一个单一的意识形态阵营内部。 显示英文摘要

摘要： The existence of polarization and echo chambers has been noted in social media discussions of public concern such as the Covid-19 pandemic, foreign election interference, and regional conflicts. However, measuring polarization and assessing the manner in which polarization contributes to partisan behavior is not always possible to evaluate with static network or affect measurements. To address this, we conduct an analysis of two large Twitter datasets collected around Covid-19 vaccination and the Ukraine war to investigate polarization in terms of the evolution in influencer preferences and toxicity of post contents. By reducing retweet behavior in each sample to several key dimensions, we identify clusters that reflect ideological preferences, along with geographic or linguistic separation for some cases. By tracking the central retweet tendency of these clusters over time, we observe differences in the relative position of ideologically unaligned clusters compared to aligned ones, which we interpret as reflecting polarization dynamics in the information diffusion space. We then measure the toxicity of posts and test if toxicity in one cluster can be temporally dependent on its structural closeness to (or toxicity of) another. We find evidence of ideological opposition among clusters of users in both samples, and a temporal association between toxicity and structural divergence for at least two ideologically opposed clusters in our samples. These observations support the importance of analyzing polarization as a multifaceted dynamic phenomenon where polarization dynamics may also manifest in unexpected ways such as within a single ideological camp.