标题： 火星共享主权问题能否通过公投解决？ 显示英文标题

标题： Can a Referendum Solve Problems of Shared Sovereignty on Mars?

摘要： 太空探索技术不断扩展人类在地球之外的影响力，甚至更加雄心勃勃的努力正致力于在火星上建立长期的人类定居点。火星定居者对生命支持基础设施以及从母国补给任务的依赖可能会造成暴政条件，或者导致其他极端且无法控制的情况，但通过在任何实际的定居努力之前考虑火星上的有效决策可能性，这些风险可以被降低。本文探讨了公投在多大程度上可以在火星上作为政治决策和主权裁决的一种手段。我们的方法借鉴了三个陆地案例研究——美国的大爱达荷运动、西班牙的加泰罗尼亚独立运动以及加拿大的魁北克独立运动——作为火星治理的潜在类比。我们建议提前确定火星公投被认可的条件，这将是任何寻求在火星上建立长期定居点的机构的最佳实践。我们提出，公投可以降低火星上存在多个权威政治实体的可能性，这可以为解决地球与火星之间的治理问题提供一种程序化的方法。然而，如果火星定居成功建立起相当于城市规模或更大的定居点，那么其他独特的火星工具可能会演化出来，作为公投的补充或替代。 显示英文摘要

摘要： Space exploration technology continues to expand humanity's reach beyond Earth, and even more ambitious efforts are striving to establish long-duration human settlements on Mars. The dependence of martian settlers on life-support infrastructure and on resupply missions from the host nation could create conditions for tyranny or lead to other extreme and uncontrollable situations, but such risks could be reduced by thinking about the possibilities for effective decision making on Mars before any settlement efforts actually occur. This paper examines the extent to which referendums could be used on Mars as a means of political decision-making and sovereignty adjudication. Our approach draws on three terrestrial case studies -- the Great Idaho Movement in the United States, the Catalan Independence Movement in Spain, and the Quebec Independence Movement in Canada -- as potential analogs for Mars governance. We recommend advance determination of the conditions under which a martian referendum would be recognized as a best practice for any agency seeking to establish a long-duration settlement on Mars. We suggest that referendums can reduce the likelihood of multiple authoritative political entities existing on Mars, which could provide a more procedural approach toward resolving governance issues between Earth and Mars. However, if Mars settlement is successful in establishing settlements on the scale of cities or larger, then other uniquely martian tools may evolve as a supplement or replacement to referendums.