标题： 宗教虔诚与创新态度：工具变量分析 显示英文标题

标题： Religiosity and Innovation Attitudes: An Instrumental Variables Analysis

摘要： 估计宗教对创新的影响具有挑战性，因为其复杂性和内生性。 为了理清这些问题，我们使用了多种宗教虔诚度的衡量指标，采用个体层面的创新方法，并运用工具变量法。 我们分析了宗教虔诚度对个体态度的影响，这些态度要么有利于创新，要么不利于创新，从而展示了个体的创新倾向。 我们用与同一性别、年龄范围和宗教信仰的人在相同主要宗教教派国家中生活的平均宗教虔诚度来作为宗教虔诚度的工具变量。 结果强烈表明，每种宗教虔诚度的衡量指标对创新态度都有一定的负面影响。 诊断测试结果和敏感性分析支持了主要发现。 我们提出了宗教到创新的三条因果渠道：时间分配、对不确定性的恐惧以及宗教强化的传统角色。 显示英文摘要

摘要： Estimating the influence of religion on innovation is challenging because of both complexness and endogeneity. In order to untangle these issues, we use several measures of religiosity, adopt an individual-level approach to innovation and employ the instrumental variables method. We analyse the effect of religiosity on individual attitudes that are either favourable or unfavourable to innovation, presenting an individual's propensity to innovate. We instrument one's religiosity with the average religiosity of people of the same sex, age range, and religious affiliation who live in countries with the same dominant religious denomination. The results strongly suggest that each measure of religiosity has a somewhat negative effect on innovation attitudes. The diagnostic test results and sensitivity analyses support the main findings. We propose three causality channels from religion to innovation: time allocation, the fear of uncertainty, and conventional roles reinforced by religion.