标题： 太阳物理学和天体物理学中的自组织临界性 显示英文标题

标题： Self-Organized Criticality in Solar Physics and Astrophysics

摘要： “自组织临界性”（SOC）的概念由Bak、Tang和Wiesenfeld（1987年）提出，用于描述具有临界坡度的沙堆表面雪崩的统计特性，这会产生无标度的幂律分布雪崩大小。同时，在许多非线性耗散系统中也发现了SOC行为，这些系统被驱动到临界状态。从最一般的意义上讲，SOC是非线性相干过程的统计，与随机无序过程的泊松统计形成对比。SOC概念已被应用于实验室实验（如米堆或沙堆）、人类活动（人口增长、语言、经济、交通堵塞、战争）、生物物理学、地球物理学（地震、滑坡、森林火灾）、磁层物理学、太阳物理学（耀斑）、恒星物理学（耀斑、灾变变量、吸积盘、黑洞、脉冲星扰动、伽马射线暴），以及星系物理学和宇宙学。 显示英文摘要

摘要： The concept of "self-organized criticality" (SOC) has been introduced by Bak, Tang, and Wiesenfeld (1987) to describe the statistics of avalanches on the surface of a sandpile with a critical slope, which produces a scale-free powerlaw size distribution of avalanches. In the meantime, SOC behavior has been identified in many nonlinear dissipative systems that are driven to a critical state. On a most general level, SOC is the statistics of coherent nonlinear processes, in contrast to the Poisson statistics of incoherent random processes. The SOC concept has been applied to laboratory experiments (of rice or sand piles), to human activities (population growth, language, economy, traffic jams, wars), to biophysics, geophysics (earthquakes, landslides, forest fires), magnetospheric physics, solar physics (flares), stellar physics (flares, cataclysmic variables, accretion disks, black holes, pulsar glitches, gamma ray bursts), and to galactic physics and cosmology.