标题： 物理学和天体物理学中的伽马射线望远镜 显示英文标题

标题： Physics and astrophysics with gamma-ray telescopes

摘要： 在过去几年中，伽马射线天文学进入了黄金时代。 一套现代的望远镜现在正在扫描两个半球以及六个数量级的能量范围。 在$\sim$TeV 能量下，十年前只有少数几个源为人所知，但目前这一代基于地面的成像大气切连科夫望远镜（H.E.S.S.、MAGIC 和 VERITAS）已将这一数字增加到近一百个。 凭借大视场和高工作周期，西藏和Milagro空气簇射探测器已经展示了直接粒子探测技术在TeV伽马射线中的前景。 在$\sim$GeV 能量下，费米伽马射线空间望远镜在其运行的第一年就将已知源的数量增加了近一个数量级。 之前理论上认为可能是伽马射线发射体的新类源现在已经通过观测得到确认。 此外，还意外发现了某些源类的GeV伽马射线辐射，而这些源类之前没有任何理论预测其可能产生这种辐射。 除了阐明高能天体物理过程外，伽马射线望远镜还在基础物理课题中作出了重要贡献，包括量子引力、引力波和暗物质。 我总结了当前天体物理伽马射线源的普查情况，强调了一些与基础物理相关的最近发现，并描述了伽马射线天文学与中微子天文学之间的协同联系。 这是一个简要概述，特别面向粒子物理学家和中微子天文学家，基于在希腊雅典举行的Neutrino 2010会议上的演讲。 我特别关注费米（在Neutrino 2008之后不久发射）的结果，并以对下一代仪器的描述结束，即HAWC 和切连科夫望远镜阵列。 显示英文摘要

摘要： In the past few years gamma-ray astronomy has entered a golden age. A modern suite of telescopes is now scanning the sky over both hemispheres and over six orders of magnitude in energy. At $\sim$TeV energies, only a handful of sources were known a decade ago, but the current generation of ground-based imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes (H.E.S.S., MAGIC, and VERITAS) has increased this number to nearly one hundred. With a large field of view and duty cycle, the Tibet and Milagro air shower detectors have demonstrated the promise of the direct particle detection technique for TeV gamma rays. At $\sim$GeV energies, the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope has increased the number of known sources by nearly an order of magnitude in its first year of operation. New classes of sources that were previously theorized to be gamma-ray emitters have now been confirmed observationally. Moreover, there have been surprise discoveries of GeV gamma-ray emission from source classes for which no theory predicted it was possible. In addition to elucidating the processes of high-energy astrophysics, gamma-ray telescopes are making essential contributions to fundamental physics topics including quantum gravity, gravitational waves, and dark matter. I summarize the current census of astrophysical gamma-ray sources, highlight some recent discoveries relevant to fundamental physics, and describe the synergetic connections between gamma-ray and neutrino astronomy. This is a brief overview intended in particular for particle physicists and neutrino astronomers, based on a presentation at the Neutrino 2010 conference in Athens, Greece. I focus in particular on results from Fermi (which was launched soon after Neutrino 2008), and conclude with a description of the next generation of instruments, namely HAWC and the Cherenkov Telescope Array.