标题： 超高能宇宙射线在引擎驱动的相对论超新星中的加速 显示英文标题

标题： Ultra High Energy Cosmic Ray Acceleration in Engine-driven Relativistic Supernovae

摘要： 最高能量宇宙射线的起源仍然是一个谜。 它们为新的物理提供了窗口，包括在地面加速器无法达到的能量下对相关物理定律的测试。 它们必须在本地被加速，否则背景辐射会严重抑制质子和原子核在GZK极限以上的通量。 附近的伽马射线暴（GRBs）、超新星、活动星系核（AGNs）及其喷流，都被提出并争论作为可能的来源。 一种具有轻微相对论性外流的Ibc型超新星（SNe）亚群体已被检测为次能级GRBs或X射线闪光（XRFs），最近也被检测为没有探测到GRB对应体的射电余辉。 我们利用SN 2009bb观测到的射电谱来测量大小-磁场演化、重子负载和能量学。 我们将这种引擎驱动的超新星置于Hillas线之上，并确定它们可以轻易解释GZK之后的超高能宇宙射线。 显示英文摘要

摘要： The origin of the highest energy cosmic rays remains an enigma. They offer a window to new physics, including tests of physical laws relevant to their propagation and interactions, at energies unattainable by terrestrial accelerators. They must be accelerated locally, as otherwise background radiations would severely suppress the flux of protons and nuclei, at energies above the Greisen-Zatsepin-Kuzmin (GZK) limit. Nearby Gamma Ray Bursts (GRBs), Hypernovae, Active Galactic Nuclei (AGNs) and their flares, have all been suggested and debated as possible sources. A local sub-population of type Ibc supernovae (SNe) with mildly relativistic outflows have been detected as sub-energetic GRBs or X-Ray Flashes (XRFs) and recently as radio afterglows without detected GRB counterparts. We measure the size-magnetic field evolution, baryon loading and energetics, using the observed radio spectra of SN 2009bb. We place such engine-driven SNe above the Hillas line and establish that they can readily explain the post-GZK UHECRs.