标题： 太阳系天体的X射线 显示英文标题

标题： X-rays from solar system objects

摘要： 在过去几年中，我们对太阳系天体X射线辐射的了解有了显著提高。 现在已知多个新的太阳系天体在低于2 keV的能量下会发出X射线。 除了太阳之外，目前已知的X射线发射体还包括行星（金星、地球、火星、木星和土星）、行星卫星（月球、木卫一、木卫二和木卫三）、所有活跃的彗星、木卫一等离子体环（IPT）、土星环、地球和火星的晕（外层大气），以及日球层。 钱德拉和XMM-牛顿X射线天文台的高分辨率X射线光谱学的出现极大地推动了行星X射线天文学领域的发展。 对X射线辐射的建模、X射线产生的实验室研究以及截面的理论计算都对理解太阳系天体产生X射线的过程有所贡献。 在木星和地球，已经观测到了极光和非极光盘状X射线辐射。 已经探测到土星盘状的X射线，但尚未观察到明确的X射线极光证据。 钱德拉首次对地球极光进行的软（0.1-2 keV）X射线观测表明其变化非常显著。 木星、土星和地球的非极光X射线辐射，火星、金星和月球的盘状辐射，以及土星环的X射线辐射主要是由太阳X射线散射产生的。 彗星、日球层、地晕和火星晕的X射线辐射光谱特征非常相似，但似乎与木星极光X射线的特征有很大不同。 来自伽利略卫星和IPT的X射线主要由木星磁层粒子的撞击驱动。 本文综述了对太阳系天体（不包括太阳）软X射线辐射的研究。 显示英文摘要

摘要： During the last few years our knowledge about the X-ray emission from bodies within the solar system has significantly improved. Several new solar system objects are now known to shine in X-rays at energies below 2 keV. Apart from the Sun, the known X-ray emitters now include planets (Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn), planetary satellites (Moon, Io, Europa, and Ganymede), all active comets, the Io plasma torus (IPT), the rings of Saturn, the coronae (exospheres) of Earth and Mars, and the heliosphere. The advent of higher-resolution X-ray spectroscopy with the Chandra and XMM-Newton X-ray observatories has been of great benefit in advancing the field of planetary X-ray astronomy. Progress in modeling X-ray emission, laboratory studies of X-ray production, and theoretical calculations of cross-sections, have all contributed to our understanding of processes that produce X-rays from the solar system bodies. At Jupiter and Earth, both auroral and non-auroral disk X-ray emissions have been observed. X-rays have been detected from Saturn's disk, but no convincing evidence of an X-ray aurora has been observed. The first soft (0.1- 2 keV) X-ray observation of Earth's aurora by Chandra shows that it is highly variable. The non-auroral X-ray emissions from Jupiter, Saturn, and Earth, those from the disk of Mars, Venus, and Moon, and from the rings of Saturn, are mainly produced by scattering of solar X-rays. The spectral characteristics of X-ray emission from comets, the heliosphere, the geocorona, and the Martian halo are quite similar, but they appear to be quite different from those of Jovian auroral X-rays. X-rays from the Galilean satellites and the IPT are mostly driven by impact of Jovian magnetospheric particles. This paper reviews studies of the soft X-ray emission from the solar system bodies, excluding the Sun.