标题： 马赫时间应从什么变化中抽象出来？ 显示英文标题

标题： Machian Time Is To Be Abstracted From What Change?

摘要： “我们完全无法通过时间来衡量事物的变化。相反，时间是一个抽象概念，我们通过事物的变化得出这一概念。”恩斯特·马赫[1]。 什么变化？对此有三个回答：“任何变化”（罗韦利）、“所有变化”（巴伯）以及我在这里提出的中间立场“局部相关变化的充分总体”（STLRC），它对天文学家的历书时间进行了推广。 然后，我将STLRC作为选择原则应用于现有和新的量子引力中的时间问题方法。 涌现 雅可比-巴伯-伯托蒂时间可以被解释为源于STLRC，解决了经典的时间问题，并在面对量子力学时间问题时具有涌现的半经典对应物。 显示英文摘要

摘要： "It is utterly beyond our power to measure the changes of things by time. Quite the contrary, time is an abstraction at which we arrive through the changes of things." Ernst Mach [1]. What change? Three answers to this are `any change' (Rovelli), 'all change' (Barbour) and my argument here for the middle ground of a `sufficient totality of locally relevant change' (STLRC) giving a generalization of the astronomers' ephemeris time. I then use STLRC as a selection principle on existing and new approaches to the Problem of Time in Quantum Gravity. Emergent Jacobi-Barbour-Bertotti time can be interpreted as arising from a STLRC, resolves the classical Problem of Time and has an emergent semiclassical counterpart as regards facing the QM Problem of Time.