标题： 超出宇宙学标准模型 显示英文标题

标题： Beyond the Cosmological Standard Model

摘要： 在因加速膨胀的宇宙而激发的研究进行了十五年后，理论与实验已达到一定的成熟水平。 超越 \Lambda 或平滑暗能量（通常称为修改引力）的理论模型的发展，已经带来了对未来路径更广泛的见解，并且开发了一系列观测和实验测试。 在这篇综述中，我们介绍了该领域的现状，并描述了一个框架以预测未来十年的发展。 我们确定了标准模型严格且一致修改的指导原则，并讨论了经验检验的前景。 我们首先回顾了试图在红外区一致修改爱因斯坦引力的努力，重点在于修改引入的额外自由度必须在局部引力测试中屏蔽自身的概念。 我们将屏蔽机制分为三大类：在高牛顿势区域变得活跃的机制，在其中一阶导数变得重要的机制，以及二阶导数重要的机制。 第一类的示例，如 f(R) 引力，使用熟悉的变色龙或对称子机制，而最后一类的示例是加利莱昂和有质量引力理论，使用的是 Vainshtein 机制。 在每种情况下，我们都将这些理论描述为有效理论。 我们描述了实验测试，总结了实验室和太阳系测试，并详细描述了天体物理和宇宙学测试。 我们讨论了未来敏感于引力部门新物理不同特征的测试。 针对理论家与观察者/实验者的相关内容有明确的区分，希望这能为这两类观众提供有用的参考，并帮助那些有兴趣弥合两者之间差距的人士。 显示英文摘要

摘要： After a decade and a half of research motivated by the accelerating universe, theory and experiment have a reached a certain level of maturity. The development of theoretical models beyond \Lambda, or smooth dark energy, often called modified gravity, has led to broader insights into a path forward, and a host of observational and experimental tests have been developed. In this review we present the current state of the field and describe a framework for anticipating developments in the next decade. We identify the guiding principles for rigorous and consistent modifications of the standard model, and discuss the prospects for empirical tests. We begin by reviewing attempts to consistently modify Einstein gravity in the infrared, focusing on the notion that additional degrees of freedom introduced by the modification must screen themselves from local tests of gravity. We categorize screening mechanisms into three broad classes: mechanisms which become active in regions of high Newtonian potential, those in which first derivatives become important, and those for which second derivatives are important. Examples of the first class, such as f(R) gravity, employ the familiar chameleon or symmetron mechanisms, whereas examples of the last class are galileon and massive gravity theories, employing the Vainshtein mechanism. In each case, we describe the theories as effective theories. We describe experimental tests, summarizing laboratory and solar system tests and describing in some detail astrophysical and cosmological tests. We discuss future tests which will be sensitive to different signatures of new physics in the gravitational sector. Parts that are more relevant to theorists vs. observers/experimentalists are clearly indicated, in the hope that this will serve as a useful reference for both audiences, as well as helping those interested in bridging the gap between them.