标题： 失败超新星中的质量抛射：与恒星前身的差异 显示英文标题

标题： Mass Ejection in Failed Supernovae: Variation with Stellar Progenitor

摘要： 我们研究了恒星核心坍缩过程中当反弹激波未能形成且黑洞形成时的质量喷射现象。 在原中子星阶段的中微子发射会导致核心引力质量减少，从而产生向外传播的声波脉冲，并随着向外传播而逐渐陡化为激波。 我们通过一系列球对称、非定常的流体力学模拟，以参数化的方式处理中微子质量损失，并跟踪激波在整个恒星中的传播，探索了这一质量喷射机制在不同恒星先驱者下的性质。 我们发现所有类型的恒星先驱者都可以通过这种机制喷射质量。 喷射出的质量是恒星表面重力加速度的减函数，对于红超巨星约为几个$M_\odot$，蓝超巨星约为$\sim 0.1M_\odot$，而对沃尔夫-拉叶星则约为$\sim 10^{-3} M_\odot $。 我们发现最终表面激波的能量是核心致密性的减函数，在所有情况下均为$\lesssim 10^{47}-10^{48}$尔格。 在具有足够大包层、高核心致密性或两者兼有的先驱者中，声波脉冲无法剥离质量。 成功的质量喷射通常伴随着显著的落回吸积，可持续数小时至数年。 我们预测了失败超新星中蓝超巨星和沃尔夫-拉叶星先驱者的外层包层喷射所引起的激波突破及热平台辐射的性质。 显示英文摘要

摘要： We study the ejection of mass during stellar core-collapse when the stalled shock does not revive and a black hole forms. Neutrino emission during the protoneutron star phase causes a decrease in the gravitational mass of the core, resulting in an outward going sound pulse that steepens into a shock as it travels out through the star. We explore the properties of this mass ejection mechanism over a range of stellar progenitors using spherically-symmetric, time-dependent hydrodynamic simulations that treat neutrino mass loss parametrically and follow the shock propagation over the entire star. We find that all types of stellar progenitor can eject mass through this mechanism. The ejected mass is a decreasing function of the surface gravity of the star, ranging from several $M_\odot$ for red supergiants to $\sim 0.1M_\odot$ for blue supergiants and $\sim 10^{-3} M_\odot $ for Wolf-Rayet stars. We find that the final shock energy at the surface is a decreasing function of the core-compactness, and is $\lesssim 10^{47}-10^{48}$ erg in all cases. In progenitors with a sufficiently large envelope, high core-compactness, or a combination of both, the sound pulse fails to unbind mass. Successful mass ejection is accompanied by significant fallback accretion that can last from hours to years. We predict the properties of shock breakout and thermal plateau emission produced by the ejection of the outer envelope of blue supergiant and Wolf-Rayet progenitors in otherwise failed supernovae.