标题： 量子相变中的相干和耗散动力学 显示英文标题

标题： Coherent and dissipative dynamics at quantum phase transitions

摘要： 多体物理在量子相变中表现出量子涨落和热涨落之间的微妙相互作用，在低温极限下出现。 在本综述中，我们首先对系统在该背景下的平衡行为进行教学性的介绍，其标度框架本质上是通过利用量子到经典映射和连续相变临界现象的重整化群理论来发展的。 然后我们专注于涉及非平衡量子动力学的协议，例如瞬时淬火和缓慢穿过量子相变。 这些主要在适当扩展平衡标度定律的动态标度框架内进行讨论。 我们还回顾了一阶量子相变的现象，其特殊的标度行为由对边界条件的极端敏感性所表征，导致相同体系统出现指数或幂律。 在最后一部分，我们涵盖了与环境耗散相互作用效应相关的方面，通过在量子相变处对动态标度的适当推广来实现。 本综述仅限于由封闭多体系统发展出的量子相变相关的问题，并将耗散视为临界区域的扰动，如同零温量子相变中的温度一样。 我们关注产生临界模式与各种耗散机制之间非平凡相互作用的物理条件，通常当涉及的机制仅激发量子相变的低能模式时才会实现。 显示英文摘要

摘要： The many-body physics at quantum phase transitions shows a subtle interplay between quantum and thermal fluctuations, emerging in the low-temperature limit. In this review, we first give a pedagogical introduction to the equilibrium behavior of systems in that context, whose scaling framework is essentially developed by exploiting the quantum-to-classical mapping and the renormalization-group theory of critical phenomena at continuous phase transitions. Then we specialize to protocols entailing the out-of-equilibrium quantum dynamics, such as instantaneous quenches and slow passages across quantum transitions. These are mostly discussed within dynamic scaling frameworks, obtained by appropriately extending the equilibrium scaling laws. We review phenomena at first-order quantum transitions as well, whose peculiar scaling behaviors are characterized by an extreme sensitivity to the boundary conditions, giving rise to exponentials or power laws for the same bulk system. In the last part, we cover aspects related to the effects of dissipative interactions with an environment, through suitable generalizations of the dynamic scaling at quantum transitions. The presentation is limited to issues related to, and controlled by, the quantum transition developed by closed many-body systems, treating the dissipation as a perturbation of the critical regimes, as for the temperature at the zero-temperature quantum transition. We focus on the physical conditions giving rise to a nontrivial interplay between critical modes and various dissipative mechanisms, generally realized when the involved mechanism excites only the low-energy modes of the quantum transitions.