标题： 经济、创新和知识生产活动中的竞争力演变 显示英文标题

标题： The Evolution of Competitiveness across Economic, Innovation and Knowledge production activities

摘要： 国家层面的经济和创新系统的演化是由复杂的动态塑造的，其痕迹是不同国家在各种活动中竞争的嵌套结构。 嵌套性是与知识和商品生产相关的多种（层次）活动中的一个持续特征：科学研究、技术创新、工业生产和贸易。 我们观察到，在创新和贸易层次中，国家的竞争力与它们的多样化程度明确相关，而科学层次则表现出一些特殊特征。 科学领域的演化导致了越来越模块化的结构，在这种结构中，最发达国家在较不先进的科学领域中变得不那么具有竞争力，这些领域被新兴国家所取代。 这一观察结果与基于能力的经济系统演进观点一致，但有一个细微的不同之处。 事实上，虽然特定专业知识和技能的积累是发展的基本步骤，但资源限制迫使国家在复杂的研究领域获得竞争力，代价是在更基础但不太显眼（或更拥挤）的领域失去优势。 这种相对专业化的能力组合趋势导致了在需要多样化以实现进化和需要有效分配资源之间的权衡。 发达国家之间的合作模式减少了在较不复杂的领域保持竞争力的必要性，从而释放资源用于更复杂的领域。 显示英文摘要

摘要： The evolution of economic and innovation systems at the national scale is shaped by a complex dynamics, the footprint of which is the nested structure of the activities in which different countries are competitive. Nestedness is a persistent feature across multiple kinds (layers) of activities related to the production of knowledge and goods: scientific research, technological innovation, industrial production and trade. We observe that in the layers of innovation and trade the competitiveness of countries correlates unambiguously with their diversification, while the science layer displays some peculiar feature. The evolution of scientific domains leads to an increasingly modular structure, in which the most developed nations become less competitive in the less advanced scientific domains, where they are replaced by the emerging countries. This observation is in line with a capability-based view of the evolution of economic systems, but with a slight twist. Indeed, while the accumulation of specific know-how and skills is a fundamental step towards development, resource constraints force countries to acquire competitiveness in the more complex research fields at the price of losing ground in more basic, albeit less visible (or more crowded), fields. This tendency towards a relatively specialized basket of capabilities leads to a trade-off between the need to diversify in order to evolve and the need to allocate resources efficiently. Collaborative patterns among developed nations reduce the necessity to be competitive in the less sophisticated fields, freeing resources for the more complex domains.