标题： 黑洞、快速 scrambling 和等效原理的失效 显示英文标题

标题： Black holes, fast scrambling and the breakdown of the equivalence principle

摘要： 在合理的假设下，人们认为黑洞会形成火墙，烧毁任何穿越其视界的物质。 这一论点发现，火墙会在黑洞生命周期的很晚阶段出现，此时霍金辐射已导致视界缩小到原始面积的一半。 对于恒星质量的黑洞，这个过程超过了宇宙当前的年龄，因此目前没有任何这样的黑洞拥有火墙。 然而，最近有人推测黑洞会对其内部自由度进行快速混合，其混合时间尺度与光传播一个史瓦西半径所需的时间相当。 我们证明了从黑洞形成后开始，只要经过混合时间，局部观测者就会已经经历火墙。 这里的“局部”意味着观测者耦合的自由度少于黑洞总内部“量子比特”的一半。 实际上，如果观测者以这种方式未能成为局部的，那就意味着他们耦合的“量子比特”数量超过了可观测宇宙中所有恒星中的量子比特总数。 因此我们得出结论，如果黑洞确实是快速混合器，那么宇宙中的每一个天体物理黑洞在任何局部物理过程中都已经拥有完全发展的火墙。 显示英文摘要

摘要： Under reasonable assumptions, black holes have been argued to form firewalls, burning up anything crossing their horizons. This argument finds that a firewall would appear very late in a black hole's lifetime, when Hawking radiation has caused the horizon to shrink to one-half its original area. For stellar-mass black holes, this process surpasses the universe's current age and so no such black hole would currently possess a firewall. However, black holes have recently been conjectured to scramble their interior degrees-of-freedom, with a scrambling time scale comparable to the time it takes light to travel a Schwartzschild radius' distance. We prove that local observers will already experience a firewall from the scrambling time onwards after the black hole's formation. Here `local' means that the observer couples to fewer than one-half the black hole's total interior `qubits.' Indeed, for observers to fail to be local in this manner, it would mean that they couple to more `qubits' within such black holes than exist in all the stars of the observable universe. Therefore we find that if black holes are indeed fast scramblers, then every astrophysical black hole in the universe will already have a fully developed firewall for any local physical process.