标题： 对标准宇宙学模型的挑战 显示英文标题

标题： A Challenge to the Standard Cosmological Model

摘要： 我们首次对射电星系和类星体的目录进行了联合分析，以确定它们的天空分布是否与宇宙学的标准$\Lambda$CDM 模型一致。 该模型基于宇宙学原理，该原理断言在大尺度上宇宙是统计各向同性和均匀的，因此观测到的宇宙微波背景（CMB）的二极偏差必须归因于我们本地的特殊运动。 我们检验零假设，即射电星系和类星体的天空分布存在与从CMB推断出的运动一致的二极偏差，这正是宇宙学遥远源所预期的。 我们的两个样本分别构建于美国国家射电天文台甚长基线阵列天空调查和广域红外巡天探测器，它们是系统独立的，没有共享的对象。 使用一种完全通用的统计方法，该方法考虑了发现的二极振幅与其方向偏移相对于CMB二极的关联性，零假设分别被射电星系和类星体样本以$p$-值为$8.9\times10^{-3}$和$1.2\times10^{-5}$的结果独立地拒绝，分别对应$2.6\sigma$和$4.4\sigma$的显著性。 使用样本量加权的$Z$-得分的联合显著性是$5.1\sigma$。 我们表明射电星系和类星体的二极矩是一致的，并未发现任何幅度频率依赖性的证据。 如果我们假设宇宙微波背景辐射的二极矩是完全动力学的，转换到宇宙微波背景框架后，这两个二极矩的一致性会提高，这表明在该框架中，宇宙学距离的射电星系和类星体可能具有固有的各向异性。 显示英文摘要

摘要： We present the first joint analysis of catalogs of radio galaxies and quasars to determine if their sky distribution is consistent with the standard $\Lambda$CDM model of cosmology. This model is based on the cosmological principle, which asserts that the universe is statistically isotropic and homogeneous on large scales, so the observed dipole anisotropy in the cosmic microwave background (CMB) must be attributed to our local peculiar motion. We test the null hypothesis that there is a dipole anisotropy in the sky distribution of radio galaxies and quasars consistent with the motion inferred from the CMB, as is expected for cosmologically distant sources. Our two samples, constructed respectively from the NRAO VLA Sky Survey and the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, are systematically independent and have no shared objects. Using a completely general statistic that accounts for correlation between the found dipole amplitude and its directional offset from the CMB dipole, the null hypothesis is independently rejected by the radio galaxy and quasar samples with $p$-value of $8.9\times10^{-3}$ and $1.2\times10^{-5}$, respectively, corresponding to $2.6\sigma$ and $4.4\sigma$ significance. The joint significance, using sample size-weighted $Z$-scores, is $5.1\sigma$. We show that the radio galaxy and quasar dipoles are consistent with each other and find no evidence for any frequency dependence of the amplitude. The consistency of the two dipoles improves if we boost to the CMB frame assuming its dipole to be fully kinematic, suggesting that cosmologically distant radio galaxies and quasars may have an intrinsic anisotropy in this frame.