标题： Ia型超新星对致密天体暗物质的约束 显示英文标题

标题： Type Ia supernova constraints on compact object dark matter

摘要： 暗物质（DM）的性质在宇宙学中仍然是一个未解之谜，尽管它在宇宙中大量存在。虽然基本粒子被提出用来解释暗物质，但早期宇宙中形成的致密天体物理对象，如黑洞，则提供了一个理论上吸引人的替代途径。在这里，我们利用Ia型超新星哈勃图，限制了可以由原初黑洞（PBHs）组成的暗物质比例，这些黑洞的质量为$M \gtrsim 0.01 M_\odot$。利用Dyer-Roeder距离关系，其中均匀物质分数用$\eta$参数化，我们在平坦的$\Lambda$CDM模型中发现，在95%置信水平下，致密天体中暗物质的最大比例（$f_p$）为0.50，并且当边缘化处理恒定暗能量方程状态时，这一比例为0.49。这些限制在边缘化处理宇宙曲率时没有改变，证明了它们对宇宙模型的稳健性。 当允许先验概率$\eta$包含$\eta > 1$时，我们在95$\%$置信水平下得出$f_p < 0.32$，表明先验假设$\eta \leq 1$给出了保守的上限$f_p$。 当包括造父变星校准的超新星时，95%置信水平的限制改善为$f_p < 0.25$。 我们发现，我们推断出的哈勃常数估计与均匀情况一致，表明以紧凑暗物质形式存在的非均匀性不能解释观测到的哈勃张力。 总之，我们强烈排除了恒星级及以上的原初黑洞构成暗物质主要部分的可能性。 显示英文摘要

摘要： The nature of dark matter (DM) is an open question in cosmology, despite its abundance in the universe. While elementary particles have been posited to explain DM, compact astrophysical objects such as black holes formed in the early universe offer a theoretically appealing alternate route. Here, we constrain the fraction of DM that can be made up of primordial black holes (PBHs) with masses $M \gtrsim 0.01 M_\odot$, using the Type Ia supernova Hubble diagram. Utilizing the Dyer-Roeder distance relation, where the homogeneous matter fraction is parameterized with $\eta$, we find a maximum fractional amount of DM in compact objects ($f_p$) of 0.50 at 95\% confidence level (C.L.), in the flat $\Lambda$CDM model and 0.49 when marginalising over a constant dark energy equation of state. These limits do not change when marginalising over cosmic curvature, demonstrating the robustness to the cosmological model. When allowing for the prior on $\eta$ to include $\eta > 1$, we derive $f_p < 0.32$ at 95$\%$ C.L., showing that the prior assumption of $\eta \leq 1$ gives a conservative upper limit on $f_p$. When including Cepheid calibrated supernovae, the 95\% C.L. constraints improve to $f_p < 0.25$. We find that the estimate for the Hubble constant in our inference is consistent with the homogeneous case, showing that inhomogeneities in the form of compact dark matter cannot account for the observed Hubble tension. In conclusion, we strongly exclude the possibility that PBHs with stellar masses and above form a dominant fraction of the dark matter.