标题： 恒星黑子与超级耀斑之间的联系：两颗恒星的案例研究 显示英文标题

标题： The connection between starspots and superflares: a case study of two stars

摘要： 恒星黑子的特性如何影响恒星耀发的触发？ 在这里我们研究了两颗相似的K型恒星的活动情况，从质量到自转周期以及行星系统都相同。 这两颗恒星都表现出大约一百个黑子，然而，开普勒-411产生了65次超级耀发，而开普勒-210一次也没有。 使用行星凌日映射技术对这两颗恒星的黑子进行了特征分析，该技术能够得出恒星黑子的强度、温度和半径。 平均半径分别为$(17\pm7) \times 10^3$km 和$(58 \pm 23) \times 10^3$km，相对于光球的强度比为$(0.35\pm0.24)$ $I_{c}$ 和$(0.64\pm0.15)$ $I_{c}$，而开普勒-411和开普勒-210的斑点温度分别为$(3800 \pm 700)$K 和$(4180 \pm 240)$K。 因此，在没有超级耀斑的恒星 Kepler-210 上的斑点大多比在出现耀斑的恒星 Kepler-411 上的斑点更大、更浅色且温度更高。 这可能表明与 Kepler-411 相比，Kepler-210 上的斑点具有较小强度和复杂度的磁场。 因此，斑块面积似乎并不是触发超级耀斑的主要原因。 或许活动区的磁场复杂性更为重要。 显示英文摘要

摘要： How do the characteristics of starspots influence the triggering of stellar flares? Here we investigate the activity of two K-type stars, similar in every way from mass to rotation periods and planetary systems. Both stars exhibit about a hundred spots, however, Kepler-411 produced 65 superflares, while Kepler-210 presented none. The spots of both stars were characterized using the planetary transit mapping technique, which yields the intensity, temperature, and radius of starspots. The average radius was $(17\pm7) \times 10^3$ km and $(58 \pm 23) \times 10^3$ km, while the intensity ratio with respect to the photosphere was $(0.35\pm0.24)$ $I_{c}$ and $(0.64\pm0.15)$ $I_{c}$, and the temperature was $(3800 \pm 700)$ K and $(4180 \pm 240)$ K for spots of Kepler-411 and Kepler-210, respectively. Therefore, spots on the star with no superflares, Kepler-210, are mostly larger, less dark, and warmer than those on the flaring star, Kepler-411. This may indicate magnetic fields with smaller magnitude and complexity of the spots on Kepler-210 when compared to those on Kepler-411. Thus, starspot area appears not to be the main culprit of superflares triggering. Perhaps the magnetic complexity of active regions is more important.