标题： 宇宙学基础的重新审视与Pantheon+ 显示英文标题

标题： Cosmological foundations revisited with Pantheon+

摘要： 我们重新分析潘多拉+超新星目录，以比较一种非FLRW演化的宇宙学，即时间景观宇宙学，与标准的$\Lambda$CDM宇宙学。 为此，我们对潘多拉+进行几何比较，以比较两种模型。 我们构建了一个协方差矩阵，使其尽可能独立于宇宙学，包括独立于FLRW几何和相对于FLRW平均演化的特殊速度。 这种框架远远超越了大多数其他模型独立性的定义。 我们引入了新的统计方法，以改进Ia型超新星（SNe Ia）光曲线分析。 除了用于定义统计均匀尺度的传统星系关联函数外，我们还引入了经验统计方法，以改进对SNe Ia光曲线参数$\beta c$和$\alpha x_1$分布偏差的分析。 对于较低红移，贝叶斯分析突显了由于低红移超新星数量增加、模型依赖性光曲线拟合的人工效应以及我们观测超新星所通过的宇宙结构所带来的重要特征。 这表明需要宇宙学无关的数据减少，以更深入地研究统计均匀性的出现，并在面对标准模型最近的挑战时比较替代宇宙学。 暗能量通常被用作新物理的占位符。 首次，我们发现时间景观宇宙学可能比$\Lambda$CDM提供更好的整体拟合，并且其现象学可能有助于解开其他天体物理谜题。 我们从第一原理出发对潘多拉+的重新分析支持未来在数据驱动环境下，物质与非线性时空几何相互作用的更深入研究。 显示英文摘要

摘要： We reanalyse the Pantheon+ supernova catalogue to compare a cosmology with non-FLRW evolution, the timescape cosmology, with the standard $\Lambda$CDM cosmology. To this end, we analyse the Pantheon+ for a geometric comparison between the two models. We construct a covariance matrix to be as independent of cosmology as possible, including independence from the FLRW geometry and peculiar velocity with respect to FLRW average evolution. This framework goes far beyond most other definitions of model independence. We introduce new statistics to refine Type Ia supernova (SNe Ia) light-curve analysis. In addition to conventional galaxy correlation functions used to define the scale of statistical homogeneity we introduce empirical statistics which enables refined analysis of the distribution biases of SNe Ia light-curve parameters $\beta c$ and $\alpha x_1$. For lower redshifts, the Bayesian analysis highlights important features attributable to the increased number of low-redshift supernovae, the artefacts of model-dependent light-curve fitting and the cosmic structure through which we observe supernovae. This indicates the need for cosmology-independent data reduction to conduct a stronger investigation of the emergence of statistical homogeneity and to compare alternative cosmologies in light of recent challenges to the standard model. Dark energy is generally invoked as a place-holder for new physics. For the first time, we find evidence that the timescape cosmology may provide a better overall fit than $\Lambda$CDM and that its phenomenology may help disentangle other astrophysical puzzles. Our from-first-principles reanalysis of Pantheon+ supports future deeper studies between the interplay of matter and nonlinear spacetime geometry in a data-driven setting.