标题： 极端性质的原子核同质异能素 显示英文标题

标题： Nuclear Isomers at the Extremes of their Properties

摘要： 长寿命的激发核态，被称为核同质异能素，由于其独特的核子结构环境导致衰变受阻而存在。 其中一些条件极为罕见且难以实现，使某些同质异能素在其同类中脱颖而出，成为极端和特殊的同质异能素。 例如，单粒子轨道的$E5$耦合很少见，衰变的$E5$同质异能素也同样稀少。 本文综述了核景观中一些显著的同质异能素，并强调了发现更多此类同质异能素的可能性。 其中一些的独特性质蕴含着在医学和能源领域实现变革性应用的潜力。 一个令人兴奋的例子是迄今为止已知的最低能量同质异能素$^{229}$Th，它可能有助于在未来十年内实现超高精度的核钟的梦想。 这些同质异能素还提供了对其相关核结构极端特性的洞察，这导致它们在能量、半衰期、自旋等方面的异常状态。 本文尝试突出具有高多极性、高自旋、高能量、最长半衰期、极低能量等特性的同质异能素。 同时指出，对这些同质异能素的衰变速率、半衰期和矩的理论理解不足。 显示英文摘要

摘要： The longer-lived excited nuclear states, referred as nuclear isomers, exist due to the hindered decays owing to their peculiar nucleonic structural surroundings. Some of these conditions, being exceptionally rare and limited to achieve, elevate certain isomers to the status of extreme and unusual isomers among their kin. For example, the $E5$ coupling of single-particle orbitals is rare and so are $E5$ decaying isomers. This review delves into some of such remarkable isomers scattered across the nuclear landscape while highlighting the possibilities to find more of them. Unique properties of some of them, harbor the potential for transformative applications in medicine and energy. An exciting example is that of the lowest energy isomer known so far in $^{229}$Th, which may help realize the dream of an ultra-precise nuclear clock in the coming decade. These isomers also offer an insight into the extremes of nuclear structure associated with them, which leads to their unusual status in energy, half-life, spin etc. The review attempts to highlight isomers with high-multipolarities, high-spins, high-energies, longest half-lives, extremely low energy, etc. A lack of theoretical understanding of the decay rates, half-lives and moments of these isomers is also pointed out.