标题： 保龄球瓶的意外用途：利用$^{20}$Ne 同位素对小系统集体性质的精确表征 显示英文标题

标题： The unexpected uses of a bowling pin: exploiting $^{20}$Ne isotopes for precision characterizations of collectivity in small systems

摘要： 在高能对撞机中的所谓小系统内是否形成了夸克-胶子等离子体（QGP）的飞米尺度液滴，这是强相互作用现象学中的一个紧迫问题。 由于描述质子-质子或质子-核碰撞这些过程存在较大的理论不确定性，因此答案尚无定论。 尽管未来 $^{16}$O 核碰撞的数据可能会在未来缓解这些不确定性，但在这里我们展示了通过补充 $^{16}$O$^{16}$O 数据与 $^{20}$Ne 离子碰撞的独特可能性。 我们将$^{20}$氖气 (Ne) 和$^{16}$氧气 (O) 的结构的 NLEFT 和 PGCM 从头算描述耦合到高能$^{16}$O$^{16}$O 和$^{20}$Ne$^{20}$Ne 碰撞的流体动力学模拟中。 我们分离出$^{20}$氖气的保龄球形状对其集体流动的影响，这可用于对流体力学 QGP 范式的定量检验。 特别是，我们预测椭圆流在$^{20}$氖 -$^{20}$氖碰撞中增强了多达 1.170(8)$_{\rm stat.}$(30)$_{\rm syst.}$对于 NLEFT 和 1.139(6)$_{\rm stat.}$(39)$_{\rm syst.}$相比于$^{16}$氧 -$^{16}$氧碰撞对于最中心的 1% 事件而言。 同时，在研究两个系统之间的可观测量的相对变化时，理论不确定性在很大程度上相互抵消。 这展示了一种基于两种轻离子种类实验的方法，用于精确刻画集体动力学及其在小系统中的出现。 显示英文摘要

摘要： Whether or not femto-scale droplets of quark-gluon plasma (QGP) are formed in so-called small systems at high-energy colliders is a pressing question in the phenomenology of the strong interaction. For proton-proton or proton-nucleus collisions the answer is inconclusive due to the large theoretical uncertainties plaguing the description of these processes. While upcoming data on collisions of $^{16}$O nuclei may mitigate these uncertainties in the near future, here we demonstrate the unique possibilities offered by complementing $^{16}$O$^{16}$O data with collisions of $^{20}$Ne ions. We couple both NLEFT and PGCM ab initio descriptions of the structure of $^{20}$Ne and $^{16}$O to hydrodynamic simulations of $^{16}$O$^{16}$O and $^{20}$Ne$^{20}$Ne collisions at high energy. We isolate the imprints of the bowling-pin shape of $^{20}$Ne on the collective flow of hadrons, which can be used to perform quantitative tests of the hydrodynamic QGP paradigm. In particular, we predict that the elliptic flow of $^{20}$Ne$^{20}$Ne collisions is enhanced by as much as 1.170(8)$_{\rm stat.}$(30)$_{\rm syst.}$ for NLEFT and 1.139(6)$_{\rm stat.}$(39)$_{\rm syst.}$ for PGCM relative to $^{16}$O$^{16}$O collisions for the 1% most central events. At the same time, theoretical uncertainties largely cancel when studying relative variations of observables between two systems. This demonstrates a method based on experiments with two light-ion species for precision characterizations of the collective dynamics and its emergence in a small system.