标题： 直接成像系外行星：遗产与前景 显示英文标题

标题： Direct imaging of exoplanets: Legacy and prospects

摘要： 理解巨型行星和类地行星的形成与演化、它们的内部结构及其大气层的结构，是现代天文学面临的重大挑战之一，这直接关系到2040年左右寻找生命这一终极目标。 然而，必须克服若干天文物理、生物和科技障碍。 从天文物理学的角度来看，理解巨型行星的形成与演化机制至关重要，包括行星与盘相互作用，这些机制将完全塑造行星架构，并主导类地行星的形成，尤其是在主星周围可能支持生命的区域。 同样重要的是开发专门的仪器和技术，全面研究巨型行星和类地行星的群体，同时揭示未来不久类地行星大气中生命的首个生物线索。 在这个视角下，地面观测站或空间中的直接成像与其他观测技术一起发挥着核心作用。 这篇综述介绍了这种观测技术的起源、主要仪器创新和挑战、恒星目标和调查，然后概述了迄今为止关于年轻巨型行星的物理特性以及行星系统架构形成的机制所取得的主要成果。 我还将介绍下一代即将上线的行星成像仪提供的令人兴奋的前景，特别是在未来的极大望远镜上。 在人类的一生时间尺度上，我们可能会见证首次发现系外行星以及首次检测到附近类地行星大气中生命迹象！ 显示英文摘要

摘要： Understanding how giant and terrestrial planets form and evolve, what is their internal structure and that of their atmosphere, represents one of the major challenges of modern astronomy, which is directly connected to the ultimate search for life at the horizon 2040. However, several astrophysical, biological and technological obstacles must be overcome. From the astrophysical point of view, it is indeed crucial to understand the mechanisms of formation and evolution of giant planets, including planet and disk interactions, which will completely sculpt the planetary architectures and thus dominate the formation of terrestrial planets, especially in regions around the host star capable of supporting life. It is also important to develop dedicated instrumentation and techniques to study in their totality the population of giant and terrestrial planets, but also to reveal in the near future the first biological clues of life in the atmospheres of terrestrial planets. In that perspective, direct imaging from ground-based observatories or in space is playing a central role in concert with other observing techniques. This review introduces the genesis of this observing technique, the main instrumental innovation and challenges, stellar targets and surveys, to then present the main results obtained so far about the physics and the mechanisms of formation and evolution of young giant planets and planetary system architectures. I will then present the exciting perspectives offered by the upcoming generation of planet imagers about to come online, particularly on the future extremely large telescopes. On the timescale of a human Life, we may well be witnessing the first discovery of an exoplanet and the first detection of indices of life in the atmosphere of a nearby exo-Earth!